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Related Concept Videos

Standing Waves in a Cavity01:28

Standing Waves in a Cavity

A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:
Sound as Pressure Waves01:17

Sound as Pressure Waves

Sound waves, which are longitudinal waves, can be modeled as the displacement amplitude varying as a function of the spatial and temporal coordinates. As a column of the medium is displaced, its successive columns are also displaced. As the successive displacements differ relatively, a pressure difference with the surrounding pressure is created. The gauge pressure varies across the medium.
The pressure fluctuation depends on the difference in displacements between the successive points in the...
Variation of Atmospheric Pressure01:18

Variation of Atmospheric Pressure

Change in atmospheric pressure with height is particularly interesting. The decrease in atmospheric pressure with increasing altitude is due to the decreasing gravitational force per unit area as we move away from the surface of the earth.
Assuming the air temperature is constant at a given altitude and that the ideal gas law of thermodynamics describes the atmosphere to a good approximation, one can find the variation of atmospheric pressure with height.
Let p(y) be the atmospheric pressure at...
Modes of Standing Waves: II01:04

Modes of Standing Waves: II

The starting point for expressing the modes of standing waves is understanding the boundary conditions that the waves must follow. The boundary conditions are derived from the physical understanding of how the standing waves are sustained, that is, how the vibrating particles of the medium behave at the boundaries imposed on them.
For a tube open at one end and closed at the other filled with air, the modes are such that there is always an antinode at the open end and a node at the closed end.
Modes of Standing Waves - I01:03

Modes of Standing Waves - I

A close look at earthquakes provides evidence for the conditions appropriate for resonance, standing waves, and constructive and destructive interference. A building may vibrate for several seconds with a driving frequency matching the building's natural frequency of vibration; this produces a resonance that results in one building collapsing while the neighboring buildings do not. Often, buildings of a certain height are devastated, while other taller buildings remain intact. This phenomenon...
Intensity and Pressure of Sound Waves01:05

Intensity and Pressure of Sound Waves

The intensity of sound waves can be related to displacement and pressure amplitudes by using their wave expressions and the definition of intensity. The critical step to achieve this is to write the power delivered by the particles on the wave as the product of force and velocity and simplify the force per unit area as the pressure. The velocity of the medium's particles can be derived from the displacement.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 27, 2026

Development of Whispering Gallery Mode Polymeric Micro-optical Electric Field Sensors
08:32

Development of Whispering Gallery Mode Polymeric Micro-optical Electric Field Sensors

Published on: January 29, 2013

Tuning whispering gallery modes using internal aerostatic pressure.

Rico Henze1, Tom Seifert, Jonathan Ward

  • 1Department of Physics, Nano-Optics Group, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstr. 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.rico.henze@physik.hu‐berlin.de

Optics Letters
|December 6, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Whispering gallery modes (WGMs) in microbubble resonators were tuned using air pressure, causing optical modes to redshift by hundreds of gigahertz. This study demonstrates a new method for tuning optical resonators with microbubbles.

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Microwave Photonics Systems Based on Whispering-gallery-mode Resonators
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Microwave Photonics Systems Based on Whispering-gallery-mode Resonators

Published on: August 5, 2013

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Last Updated: May 27, 2026

Development of Whispering Gallery Mode Polymeric Micro-optical Electric Field Sensors
08:32

Development of Whispering Gallery Mode Polymeric Micro-optical Electric Field Sensors

Published on: January 29, 2013

Microwave Photonics Systems Based on Whispering-gallery-mode Resonators
12:18

Microwave Photonics Systems Based on Whispering-gallery-mode Resonators

Published on: August 5, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Optical physics
  • Materials science
  • Acoustic resonance

Background:

  • Whispering gallery modes (WGMs) are highly confined optical modes in dielectric resonators.
  • Microbubble resonators offer unique optical properties due to their spherical geometry and tunable nature.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate and characterize aerostatic tuning of WGMs in microbubble resonators.
  • To investigate the relationship between air pressure and optical mode shifts.
  • To develop a method for estimating microbubble wall thickness.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental setup for applying and controlling internal air pressure (up to 6 bars) in microbubble resonators.
  • Optical characterization of whispering gallery modes (WGMs) and their spectral shifts.
  • Theoretical modeling using elasto-optical equations for spherical shells.
  • Microscopy for measuring microbubble diameters and calculating wall thickness.

Main Results:

  • Significant redshift of optical modes by hundreds of gigahertz with increasing air pressure.
  • Excellent agreement between experimental data and theoretical predictions based on elasto-optical equations.
  • Development of an estimation method for microbubble wall thickness from diameter measurements.
  • Definition of a geometrical factor (χ) showing a linear relationship with the pressure tuning rate (GHz/bar).

Conclusions:

  • Aerostatic tuning is an effective method for precisely controlling WGMs in microbubble resonators.
  • The elasto-optical properties of microbubbles can be accurately modeled, enabling predictable optical mode tuning.
  • The developed method provides a practical way to characterize microbubble resonators for various optical applications.