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Decoding Natural Behavior from Neuroethological Embedding
08:00

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Published on: October 3, 2025

Referential coding contributes to the horizontal SMARC effect.

Yang Seok Cho1, Gi Yeul Bae, Robert W Proctor

  • 1Department of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea. yscho_psych@korea.ac.kr

Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance
|December 7, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The horizontal SMARC effect, linking pitch and spatial location, depends on referential pitch coding. Nonmusicians require a reference tone for this effect when pitch is task-irrelevant.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Auditory Perception
  • Cross-modal correspondence

Background:

  • The horizontal SMARC effect demonstrates a link between auditory pitch and spatial location.
  • This effect is typically observed when pitch is task-relevant, but its occurrence in task-irrelevant conditions is less understood.
  • Prior research suggests expertise, like in musicians, may influence this phenomenon.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of referential coding of pitch in the horizontal SMARC effect.
  • To determine if a reference tone is necessary for the horizontal SMARC effect when pitch is task-irrelevant, particularly for nonmusicians.
  • To compare the influence of referential coding on the horizontal SMARC effect in musicians and nonmusicians.

Main Methods:

  • Three experiments were conducted involving pitch discrimination, timbre judgment, and visual stimulus judgment tasks.
  • Participants included both musicians and nonmusicians.
  • Auditory stimuli varied in pitch (high/low) and were sometimes presented with or without a referent tone.

Main Results:

  • Nonmusicians exhibited the horizontal SMARC effect when pitch was task-irrelevant only if a referent tone was present.
  • Musicians showed the horizontal SMARC effect regardless of the presence or absence of a referent tone when pitch was task-irrelevant.
  • The necessity of a reference tone for nonmusicians was consistent across different task types.

Conclusions:

  • Referential coding of pitch height is crucial for the horizontal SMARC effect when pitch information is not directly relevant to the task.
  • Musical training may reduce the reliance on explicit referential coding for this cross-modal correspondence.
  • These findings highlight the nuanced mechanisms underlying pitch-space interactions.