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Related Concept Videos

Conformity01:20

Conformity

48.2K
Conformity is the change in a person’s behavior to go along with the group, even if that person does not agree with the group.
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Conformations of Butane02:20

Conformations of Butane

18.2K
Unlike ethane and propane that have only two major conformations, butane has more than two conformers. The staggered form of butane in which the bulky methyl groups on the two carbons are placed on opposite sides, that is, at a dihedral angle of 180°, is the lowest energy, most stable form — called the anti conformer. This conformation is stabilized due to the absence of steric repulsion between the largely spaced out methyl groups. The other two staggered conformations are...
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Conformations of Cycloalkanes02:29

Conformations of Cycloalkanes

14.6K
Adolf von Baeyer attempted to explain the instabilities of small and large cycloalkane rings using the concept of angle strain — the strain caused by the deviation of bond angles from the ideal 109.5° tetrahedral value for sp3  hybridized carbons. However, while cyclopropane and cyclobutane are strained, as expected from their highly compressed bond angles, cyclopentane is more strained than predicted, and cyclohexane is virtually strain-free. Hence, Baeyer’s theory that...
14.6K
Conformations of Cyclohexane02:11

Conformations of Cyclohexane

15.8K
Cyclohexane does not exist in a planar form due to the high angle and torsional strain it would experience in the planar structure. Instead, it adopts non-planar chair and boat conformations.
The chair form is the most stable and derives its name from its resemblance to the “easy chair.” In the chair conformation, two carbon atoms are arranged out-of-plane — one above and one below, minimizing the torsional strain. In the chair form, the bond angle is very close to the ideal...
15.8K
Conformations of Ethane and Propane02:18

Conformations of Ethane and Propane

17.3K
In an organic molecule, free rotation about the carbon-carbon single bond results in energetically different conformers of the molecule. Due to this rotation, called the internal rotation, ethane has two major conformations — staggered and eclipsed.
Staggered conformation is a low energy and more stable conformation with the C-H bonds on the front carbon placed at 60°dihedral angles relative to the C-H bonds on the back carbon, leading to a reduced torsional strain. In staggered...
17.3K
Chair Conformation of Cyclohexane02:02

Chair Conformation of Cyclohexane

18.8K
The chair conformation is the most stable form of cyclohexane due to the absence of angle and torsional strain. The absence of angle strain is a result of cyclohexane’s bond angle being very close to the ideal tetrahedral bond angle of 109.5° in its chair conformer. Similarly, the torsional strain is also absent owing to the perfectly staggered arrangement of bonds.
The hydrogen atoms linked to carbons are arranged in two different axial and equatorial orientations to achieve this...
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Related Experiment Videos

Pyrene: a probe to study protein conformation and conformational changes.

Gursharan Bains1, Arti B Patel, Vasanthy Narayanaswami

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 1250 Bellflower Boulevard, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
|December 7, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Pyrene fluorescence probes reveal protein structure and dynamics. This technique monitors protein folding, interactions, and conformational changes by analyzing spectral shifts sensitive to the microenvironment.

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Biophysics
  • Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Proteins undergo complex conformational changes critical for their function.
  • Understanding protein structure and dynamics requires sensitive molecular probes.
  • Pyrene is a versatile fluorescent molecule with unique spectral properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the utility of pyrene's spectral features for investigating protein structure and conformation.
  • To highlight pyrene as a fluorescent probe for biological studies.
  • To discuss the applications of pyrene in monitoring protein dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Covalent attachment of pyrene to protein side chains (e.g., sulfhydryl groups).
  • Utilizing pyrene's monomer fluorescence emission peaks to assess microenvironment polarity.
  • Analyzing the long-wavelength emission band to detect pyrene-pyrene proximity (~10 Å).

Main Results:

  • Pyrene's spectral features are highly sensitive to the probe's microenvironment.
  • Monomer emission indicates local polarity.
  • Proximity-induced emission reveals spatial arrangements of pyrene molecules.
  • High extinction coefficient enables studies at physiological protein concentrations.

Conclusions:

  • Pyrene fluorescence spectroscopy is a powerful tool for studying protein conformation.
  • It enables monitoring of protein folding, unfolding, and conformational transitions.
  • Pyrene probes facilitate the investigation of protein interactions with lipids and membranes.