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Related Concept Videos

Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

Adrenal Gland Disorders

Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
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Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction

Cushing syndrome refers to the collection of clinical manifestations that arise when tissues are exposed to excessive amounts of cortisol or cortisol-like medications over an extended period. Cortisol, a glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex, regulates metabolism, immune responses, and the body’s adaptation to stress. When its concentration remains chronically elevated, these physiological pathways become dysregulated, resulting in the characteristic features of the syndrome.Exogenous...
Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology01:19

Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

Cortisol production is normally governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which maintains hormonal balance through tightly regulated feedback mechanisms. Disruption of this regulatory system is central to the development of Cushing syndrome, whether the excess cortisol originates from external medications or internal pathology. Persistent cortisol elevation alters metabolism, immune function, and endocrine signaling, producing the characteristic clinical features of the...
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Hormones of the Adrenal Glands

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The adrenal cortex, a powerhouse of hormone synthesis, generates over two dozen corticosteroid hormones. The zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids, exemplified by aldosterone, influencing the electrolyte composition of body fluids. The synthesis of glucocorticoids such as cortisol and corticosterone...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
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Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...

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Fecal Glucocorticoid Analysis: Non-invasive Adrenal Monitoring in Equids
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[Hypoadrenocorticism without classic electrolyte abnormalities in seven dogs].

J Richartz1, R Neiger

  • 1Klinikum Veterinärmedizin, Klinik für Kleintiere, Innere Medizin, der Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Frankfurter Straße 126, 35392 Gießen. janina.richartz@vetmed.uni-giessen.de

Tierarztliche Praxis. Ausgabe K, Kleintiere/Heimtiere
|December 7, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Atypical hypoadrenocorticism (hAC) in dogs often presents with gastrointestinal signs and normal electrolytes. Early ACTH stimulation testing is recommended for these cases to ensure proper diagnosis and management.

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Internal Medicine
  • Canine Endocrinology
  • Comparative Pathology

Context:

  • Hypoadrenocorticism (hAC) in dogs typically presents with electrolyte abnormalities.
  • Atypical hAC lacks classic hyperkalemia and hyponatremia, making diagnosis challenging.
  • Recurrent gastrointestinal signs in dogs can be indicative of atypical hAC.

Purpose:

  • To evaluate dogs with hypoadrenocorticism lacking typical electrolyte imbalances.
  • To identify clinical signs, diagnostic findings, and treatment outcomes in these dogs.
  • To assess the utility of the ACTH stimulation test in diagnosing atypical hAC.

Summary:

  • Seven dogs with atypical hypoadrenocorticism (normal Na:K ratio, cortisol <2 µg/dl post-ACTH) were identified.
  • Common clinical signs included diarrhea, vomiting, inappetence, and lethargy.
  • Five dogs received prednisolone, one received fludrocortisone, and all but one responded well to treatment.

Impact:

  • Atypical hAC should be considered in dogs with chronic, non-specific gastrointestinal signs.
  • The ACTH stimulation test is crucial for diagnosing atypical hAC before invasive procedures.
  • Regular monitoring of electrolytes is advised as some dogs may develop classic abnormalities over time.