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Related Concept Videos

Microtubules in Signaling01:22

Microtubules in Signaling

The primary cilium, made up of microtubules, acts as antennae on the cell surfaces for relaying external stimuli into the cells. These fine hair-like structures are present, generally one per cell. These are non-motile cilia in a 9+0 microtubules arrangement, where the central pair of microtubules are absent. The primary cilia arise from the basal body embedded in the cell membrane. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) carries requisite proteins from the cytoplasm to the cilium because the primary...
Canonical Wnt Signaling Pathway02:54

Canonical Wnt Signaling Pathway

The gene encoding the main signaling molecules of the Wnt signaling pathways (the Wnt proteins) was discovered almost four decades ago by Nüsslein-Volhard and Wieschaus. They identified and originally named the gene "wingless" (wg) after a phenotype discovered during their landmark genetic screen in Drosophila for body pattern defects. At around the same time, another researcher named Harold Varmus found that a murine tumor virus activates the mammalian wg homolog, Int-1, which results in tumor...
Canonical Wnt Signaling Pathway02:54

Canonical Wnt Signaling Pathway

The gene encoding the main signaling molecules of the Wnt signaling pathways (the Wnt proteins) was discovered almost four decades ago by Nüsslein-Volhard and Wieschaus. They identified and originally named the gene "wingless" (wg) after a phenotype discovered during their landmark genetic screen in Drosophila for body pattern defects. At around the same time, another researcher named Harold Varmus found that a murine tumor virus activates the mammalian wg homolog, Int-1, which results in tumor...
Mechanism of Ciliary Motion01:05

Mechanism of Ciliary Motion

The ciliary structures were first seen in 1647 by Antonie Leeuwenhoek while observing the protozoans. In lower organisms, these appendages are responsible for cell movement, while in higher organisms, these appendages help in the movement of the extracellular fluids within the body cavities.
The cilia are made up of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement, with nine microtubule doublet ring bundles, surrounding a pair of central singlet microtubule bundles. The doublet microtubule bundles are...
Mechanism of Ciliary Motion01:05

Mechanism of Ciliary Motion

The ciliary structures were first seen in 1647 by Antonie Leeuwenhoek while observing the protozoans. In lower organisms, these appendages are responsible for cell movement, while in higher organisms, these appendages help in the movement of the extracellular fluids within the body cavities.
The cilia are made up of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement, with nine microtubule doublet ring bundles, surrounding a pair of central singlet microtubule bundles. The doublet microtubule bundles are...
Non-Canonical Wnt Signaling Pathways01:41

Non-Canonical Wnt Signaling Pathways

Wnt is a zygotic effect gene that is expressed during very early embryonic development. It regulates various processes in animals starting from early development through the adult stage, such as organogenesis in the embryo and maintenance of neuronal and blood stem cells. Wnt proteins can induce a wide variety of intracellular pathways depending upon the specific abilities of different Wnt ligands to form a complex with shared and cognate receptors in the presence of different co-receptors. The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

Evaluation of Planar-Cell-Polarity Phenotypes in Ciliopathy Mouse Mutant Cochlea
07:07

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Published on: February 21, 2016

Ouabain modulates ciliogenesis in epithelial cells.

Isabel Larre1, Aida Castillo, Catalina Flores-Maldonado

  • 1Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neurosciences, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, DF 07300, Mexico.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|December 7, 2011
PubMed
Summary

The cardiac glycoside ouabain, acting via Na(+),K(+)-ATPase, controls epithelial cell polarity and accelerates cilium development. This hormone modulates claudin-2 localization, impacting tight junction function in transporting epithelia.

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Published on: February 21, 2016

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Artificial Intelligence Approaches to Assessing Primary Cilia
08:58

Artificial Intelligence Approaches to Assessing Primary Cilia

Published on: May 1, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Physiology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Transporting epithelia facilitate substance exchange between organisms and the environment.
  • Key features of epithelia include tight junctions (TJs) and apical-basal polarity.
  • Previous work showed ouabain modulates TJs; this study investigates its role in polarity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of ouabain in controlling epithelial cell polarity.
  • To determine the mechanisms by which ouabain influences polarity, specifically ciliogenesis and TJ component localization.
  • To elucidate the involvement of Na(+),K(+)-ATPase and ERK1/2 signaling pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells to assess epithelial polarity via ciliogenesis.
  • Investigated the effect of ouabain on cilia development and claudin-2 localization.
  • Employed co-immunoprecipitation to study protein interactions (claudin-2 and acetylated α-tubulin).
  • Compared wild-type and ouabain-resistant MDCK cells to identify the ouabain target.

Main Results:

  • Ouabain accelerates ciliogenesis in MDCK cells in an ERK1/2-dependent manner.
  • Claudin-2, crucial for TJ permeability, localizes to the cilium and interacts with acetylated α-tubulin.
  • Ouabain modulates claudin-2 localization at the cilium via the ERK1/2 pathway.
  • Ouabain's effects are mediated through Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity.

Conclusions:

  • Ouabain acts as a hormone that regulates the transporting epithelial phenotype.
  • The study demonstrates ouabain's control over epithelial polarity and TJ component localization.
  • These findings highlight ouabain's crucial role in metazoan physiology and epithelial function.