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Related Concept Videos

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility, suggesting a...
Type II Diabetes I: Introduction01:26

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, in which target tissues such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue respond poorly to insulin. It is also associated with inadequate compensatory insulin secretion, where pancreatic β-cells fail to produce sufficient insulin. Together, these abnormalities lead to persistent hyperglycemia.EtiologyT2DM develops through a complex interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental or...
Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction01:26

Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction

Diabetes mellitus consists of chronic metabolic disorders characterized by persistent hyperglycemia. This elevated blood glucose results from defects in insulin secretion, impaired insulin action, or both. Insulin, produced by pancreatic β-cells, is essential for maintaining glucose homeostasis by facilitating cellular glucose uptake for energy or storage. Disruptions in insulin production or function lead to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream, causing the clinical features and long-term...
Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:24

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.
Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:26

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...

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The genetic interface between gestational diabetes and type 2 diabetes.

Manige Konig1, Alan R Shuldiner

  • 1Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. mkonig1@medicine.umaryland.edu

The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine : the Official Journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians
|December 8, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Genetic factors influence gestational diabetes (GDM) risk, with some type 2 diabetes (T2D) variants also linked to GDM. Understanding these genetic links is key for future prevention and treatment strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Endocrinology
  • Reproductive Medicine

Background:

  • Gestational diabetes (GDM) prevalence is rising globally, influenced by Western lifestyle factors.
  • Genetic predisposition is a significant, yet often underestimated, contributor to GDM development.
  • The interplay between genetic factors in type 2 diabetes (T2D) and GDM requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of the genetic connections between T2D and GDM.
  • To explore the role of specific genetic variants in GDM susceptibility.
  • To highlight the potential for genetic insights in managing GDM.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of genetic studies on T2D and GDM.
  • Analysis of identified genetic susceptibility loci for both conditions.
  • Synthesis of findings on the impact of genetic variants on GDM risk.

Main Results:

  • Glucokinase mutations causing Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY) may account for up to 5% of GDM cases.
  • Several common T2D susceptibility variants are also associated with an increased risk of GDM.
  • These genetic associations, while present, have modest individual predictive power for GDM (OR ~1.1-1.6).

Conclusions:

  • Further research is needed to elucidate the biological mechanisms of known T2D risk alleles in GDM.
  • Discovery of novel genetic alleles for both GDM and T2D is crucial.
  • Understanding these genetic underpinnings can pave the way for improved GDM prevention and treatment strategies.