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Related Concept Videos

Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex.
Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:23

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at the...
Lobes of the Cerebrum01:22

Lobes of the Cerebrum

The cerebral cortex, a critical structure of the brain, is intricately divided into two hemispheres, each consisting of four distinct lobes: occipital, temporal, frontal, and parietal. These lobes function cooperatively to regulate various cognitive and sensory functions, forming the basis of our complex neural capabilities.
Frontal lobe
The frontal lobes, located behind the forehead, are the command center of our brain, controlling personality, intelligence, and voluntary muscle movements.
Reason and Intuition01:37

Reason and Intuition

The human brain processes information for decision-making using one of two routes: an intuitive system and a rational system (Epstein, 1994; popularized by Kahneman, 2011 as System 1 and System 2, respectively). The intuitive system is quick, impulsive, and operates with minimal effort, relying on emotions or habits to provide cues for what to do next, while the rational system is logical, analytical, deliberate, and methodical. Research in neuropsychology suggests that the brain can only use...
Dose-Response Relationship: Selectivity and Specificity01:25

Dose-Response Relationship: Selectivity and Specificity

Drugs exert their therapeutic effects by interacting with receptors, enzymes, or ion channels that are present throughout the human body. The strength and duration of the interaction between a drug and its target receptor are characterized by the selectivity and specificity of the drug. Selectivity refers to a drug's strong preference for its intended target over other targets. For instance, isoprenaline, a non-selective β-adrenergic agonist, interacts with both β1- and β2-adrenergic receptors...

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Operant Protocols for Assessing the Cost-benefit Analysis During Reinforced Decision Making by Rodents
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The orbitofrontal cortex and response selection.

James J Young1, Matthew L Shapiro

  • 1Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA.

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
|December 8, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is involved in selecting and representing extended actions, not just simple stimulus-reward links. It aids in using past reward learning to guide future decisions and retrieve relevant memories for goal achievement.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Decision Making

Background:

  • The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is traditionally linked to stimulus-reward associations.
  • Emerging research suggests a broader role for the OFC in action selection and representation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the OFC's role in representing and selecting extended actions.
  • To explore how the OFC integrates reward information with memory for decision-making.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of response-selective activity in the OFC during tasks requiring extended actions.
  • Examination of the OFC's interaction with the hippocampus.

Main Results:

  • Evidence of OFC involvement in informing responses in novel situations based on prior reward associations.
  • Identification of response-selective activity in the OFC during extended action tasks.
  • Demonstration of OFC-hippocampal interaction supporting response selection.

Conclusions:

  • The OFC plays a crucial role in selecting and representing extended actions.
  • OFC facilitates reward-guided memory retrieval by selecting goal-relevant memories.
  • This function positions the OFC within a hierarchy of action representations supporting complex decision-making.