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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
Functional Brain Systems: Limbic System01:15

Functional Brain Systems: Limbic System

The limbic system, often called the "emotional brain," is a complex set of structures located deep within the brain. The intricate network of the limbic system supports a wide range of psychological functions, from emotional regulation to memory formation and sensory processing. This functional brain region encompasses specific parts of the diencephalon and the cerebrum, integrating the higher mental functions of the cerebral cortex with the primitive emotional responses of the deep brain...
Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:23

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at the...

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Updated: May 26, 2026

Constructing an Olfactometer for Rodent Olfactory Behavior Studies
08:36

Constructing an Olfactometer for Rodent Olfactory Behavior Studies

Published on: April 11, 2025

The value of identity: olfactory notes on orbitofrontal cortex function.

Jay A Gottfried1, Christina Zelano

  • 1Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA. j-gottfried@northwestern.edu

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
|December 8, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) encodes value, but current models overlook object identity. This review highlights the OFC's role in stimulus-specific predictive coding, linking value to its source.

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Combining a Breath-Synchronized Olfactometer with Brain Simulation to Study the Impact of Odors on Corticospinal Excitability and Effective Connectivity

Published on: January 19, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurobiology
  • Cognitive Neuroscience

Background:

  • The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is widely believed to encode value.
  • Existing models link OFC function to associative learning and neuroeconomics, focusing on predictive value and choice optimization.
  • These models often neglect the crucial role of object identity in value representation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) research, emphasizing its role in stimulus-specific predictive coding.
  • To highlight the integration of object identity with value representation in the OFC.
  • To bridge the gap between value-based models and the source stimuli/commodities.

Main Methods:

  • Focused review of neuroscientific and neuroeconomic studies on the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC).
  • Inclusion of new research examining olfactory processing and the OFC.
  • Analysis of stimulus-specific predictive coding mechanisms within the OFC.

Main Results:

  • The OFC is fundamentally involved in stimulus-specific predictive coding.
  • Value representation in the OFC is intrinsically linked to object identity.
  • Olfactory research provides key insights into the OFC's role in associating value with specific stimuli.

Conclusions:

  • Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) function extends beyond abstract value encoding to include stimulus-specific predictive coding.
  • Object identity is essential for grounding value representations in their source.
  • Integrating object identity is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of OFC's role in decision-making and perception.