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Cost-effectiveness of different screening strategies for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women
Smita Nayak1, Mark S Roberts, Susan L Greenspan
1University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA. nayaks@upmc.edu
Background:
The best strategies to screen postmenopausal women for osteoporosis are not clear.
Objective:
To identify the cost-effectiveness of various screening strategies.
Design:
Individual-level state-transition cost-effectiveness model.
Data Sources:
Published literature.
Target Population:
U.S. women aged 55 years or older.
Time Horizon:
Lifetime.
Perspective:
Payer.
Intervention:
Screening strategies composed of alternative tests (central dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry [DXA], calcaneal quantitative ultrasonography [QUS], and the Simple Calculated Osteoporosis Risk Estimation [SCORE] tool) initiation ages, treatment thresholds, and rescreening intervals. Oral bisphosphonate treatment was assumed, with a base-case adherence rate of 50% and a 5-year on/off treatment pattern.
Outcome Measures:
Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (2010 U.S. dollars per quality-adjusted life-year [QALY] gained).
Results Of Base-Case Analysis:
At all evaluated ages, screening was superior to not screening. In general, quality-adjusted life-days gained with screening tended to increase with age. At all initiation ages, the best strategy with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of less than $50,000 per QALY was DXA screening with a T-score threshold of -2.5 or less for treatment and with follow-up screening every 5 years. Across screening initiation ages, the best strategy with an ICER less than $50,000 per QALY was initiation of screening at age 55 years by using DXA -2.5 with rescreening every 5 years. The best strategy with an ICER less than $100,000 per QALY was initiation of screening at age 55 years by using DXA with a T-score threshold of -2.0 or less for treatment and then rescreening every 10 years. No other strategy that involved treatment of women with osteopenia had an ICER less than $100,000 per QALY. Many other strategies, including strategies with SCORE or QUS prescreening, were also cost-effective, and in general the differences in effectiveness and costs between evaluated strategies was small.
Results Of Sensitivity Analysis:
Probabilistic sensitivity analysis did not reveal a consistently superior strategy.
Limitations:
Data were primarily from white women. Screening initiation at ages younger than 55 years were not examined. Only osteoporotic fractures of the hip, vertebrae, and wrist were modeled.
Conclusion:
Many strategies for postmenopausal osteoporosis screening are effective and cost-effective, including strategies involving screening initiation at age 55 years. No strategy substantially outperforms another.
Primary Funding Source:
National Center for Research Resources.
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