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Related Concept Videos

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

Genetics of thyroid function and disease.

Vijay Panicker1

  • 1Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Hospital Avenue, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia.

The Clinical Biochemist. Reviews
|December 8, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Genetics significantly influence thyroid hormone levels and autoimmune thyroid disease risk. While specific genes are identified, they explain only a fraction of the variability, indicating more genetic factors are yet to be discovered.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 26, 2026

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Genetics
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Genetics significantly impacts thyroid hormone and thyrotropin (TSH) levels, and autoimmune thyroid disease susceptibility.
  • Heritability studies indicate up to 67% of thyroid hormone and TSH variations are genetically influenced, suggesting a 'set point' for levels.
  • Thyroid hormone action extends to diverse phenotypes, including bone health, neurological development, and longevity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the genetic underpinnings of thyroid hormone regulation.
  • To identify genetic factors contributing to autoimmune thyroid disease.
  • To understand the broader impact of thyroid-related genes on various physiological processes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of heritability studies on thyroid hormone and TSH concentrations.
  • Identification and analysis of candidate genes influencing thyroid function (e.g., PDE8B, DIO1, F-actin-capping protein subunit beta, TSH receptor).
  • Examination of genetic associations with autoimmune thyroid disease susceptibility and immune regulation.

Main Results:

  • Several candidate genes (e.g., PDE8B, DIO1, TSH receptor) have been identified, but each explains only a small portion of hormone concentration variability.
  • Genes influencing thyroid function, like DIO2 and TSH receptor, are linked to diverse phenotypes.
  • Genes associated with autoimmune thyroid disease susceptibility, particularly in immune regulation and thyroid function, account for a small percentage of disease prevalence.

Conclusions:

  • Genetic factors play a substantial role in thyroid hormone homeostasis and autoimmune thyroid disease.
  • Current genetic discoveries explain only a limited part of thyroid function and disease variability, necessitating further research.
  • Understanding the genetic basis of thyroid function is crucial for comprehending its wide-ranging effects on health and development.