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Related Concept Videos

Hypoglycemia01:26

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is a blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL. It commonly occurs in individuals using insulin or insulin-secreting drugs, but may also arise in non-diabetic conditions. People with type 1 diabetes are at the highest risk because they depend on exogenous insulin. People with type 2 diabetes are also at risk, especially when treated with insulin or medications such as sulfonylureas, which increase insulin release regardless of blood glucose levels. It develops when insulin levels exceed...
Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
Hyperglycemia01:29

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose levels exceed 180 mg/dL two...
Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations01:19

Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations

Type 1 diabetes mellitus typically presents with rapid-onset symptoms due to the body’s inability to utilize glucose in the absence of insulin. Since insulin is required for glucose uptake into cells, its deficiency leads to hyperglycemia and cellular energy deprivation, resulting in characteristic clinical features.Polyuria and PolydipsiaOne of the earliest, most prominent symptoms is polyuria (excessive urination). When blood glucose concentrations rise above the renal threshold, the kidneys...
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State01:21

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State, or HHS, is a serious and life-threatening complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus. It is characterized by three main features: severe hyperglycemia, profound dehydration, and elevated serum osmolality, all occurring without significant ketoacidosis.HHS typically develops in older adults or individuals with limited access to fluids. This may result from illness, cognitive impairment, or medications such as diuretics or corticosteroids. These factors reduce...
Diabetic Ketoacidosis l: Introduction01:25

Diabetic Ketoacidosis l: Introduction

DefinitionDiabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute, life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, characterized by a triad of hyperglycemia (blood glucose >250 mg/dL), ketonemia or ketonuria, and metabolic acidosis (arterial pH <7.30 and serum bicarbonate <18 mEq/L). It results from insulin deficiency combined with elevated levels of counterregulatory hormones—glucagon, catecholamines, cortisol, and growth hormone—leading to increased lipolysis, hepatic ketone production, and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

Hyperglycemic Clamp and Hypoglycemic Clamp in Conscious Mice
07:35

Hyperglycemic Clamp and Hypoglycemic Clamp in Conscious Mice

Published on: January 26, 2024

A rare cause of hypoglycaemia.

Pinaki Dutta1, Anil Bhansali, Santosh Kumar

  • 1PGIMER, Endocrinology, Sector 12, Chandigarh, 160012, India.

BMJ Case Reports
|December 8, 2011
PubMed
Summary

A retroperitoneal fibroma caused recurrent hypoglycemia in a 77-year-old man. Surgical debulking and subsequent treatments resolved the episodes, highlighting a rare cause of hypoglycemia.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Recurrent altered behavior can be a symptom of hypoglycemia.
  • Insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) producing tumors are a rare cause of hypoglycemia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report a rare case of a retroperitoneal fibroma causing IGF-II mediated hypoglycemia.
  • To discuss the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges associated with such tumors.

Main Methods:

  • Case presentation of a 77-year-old male with recurrent hypoglycemia.
  • Diagnostic imaging (CT/MRI) to identify the retroperitoneal mass.
  • Surgical debulking of the tumor.
  • Histopathological examination with immunohistochemistry (CD34, vimentin).
  • Adjuvant chemo/radiotherapy and prednisolone treatment.

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A Mouse Model of Hemorrhagic Transformation Induced by Acute Hyperglycemia Combined with Transient Focal Ischemia

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Published on: January 26, 2024

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
12:08

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

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A Mouse Model of Hemorrhagic Transformation Induced by Acute Hyperglycemia Combined with Transient Focal Ischemia
09:35

A Mouse Model of Hemorrhagic Transformation Induced by Acute Hyperglycemia Combined with Transient Focal Ischemia

Published on: November 15, 2024

Main Results:

  • A large retroperitoneal solitary fibroma was identified.
  • Tumor cells showed positive immunostaining for CD34 and vimentin, indicating mesenchymal origin.
  • Post-surgery, chemo/radiotherapy, and prednisolone, hypoglycemic episodes resolved.

Conclusions:

  • Solitary fibromas can rarely produce IGF-II, leading to hypoglycemia.
  • Multidisciplinary management including surgery and adjuvant therapy is crucial for favorable outcomes.
  • This case underscores the importance of considering rare tumor types in the differential diagnosis of hypoglycemia.