Light-driven reversible modulation of doping in graphene

We report a route to noncovalently latch dipolar molecules on graphene to create stable chromophore/graphene hybrids where molecular transformation can be used as an additional handle to reversibly modulate doping while retaining high mobilities. A light switchable azobenzene chromophore was tethered to the surface of graphene via π-π interactions, leading to p-doping of graphene with an hole concentration of ~5 × 10(12) cm(-2). As the molecules switch reversibly from trans to cis form the dipole moment changes, and hence the extent of doping, resulting in the modulation of hole concentration up to ~18% by alternative illumination of UV and white light. Light-driven conductance modulation and control experiments under vacuum clearly attribute the doping modulation to molecular transformations in the organic molecules. With improved sensitivities these "light-gated" transistors open up new ways to enable optical interconnects.