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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview
Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
Affinity and Avidity01:41

Affinity and Avidity

Overview
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

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Updated: May 26, 2026

Measurement of T Cell Alloreactivity Using Imaging Flow Cytometry
09:04

Measurement of T Cell Alloreactivity Using Imaging Flow Cytometry

Published on: April 19, 2017

Advances in direct T-cell alloreactivity: function, avidity, biophysics and structure.

C Smith1, J J Miles, R Khanna

  • 1Australian Centre for Vaccine Development, Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, Brisbane, Australia.

American Journal of Transplantation : Official Journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons
|December 14, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

T cells can mistakenly recognize foreign HLA molecules, challenging self-MHC restriction. Understanding molecular mimicry and alternate docking modes is key to managing transplant rejection.

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Last Updated: May 26, 2026

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Published on: March 14, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Transplantation immunology

Background:

  • T-cell adaptive immunity is vital for fighting infections and cancer.
  • A significant population of T cells responds to non-self (allogeneic) HLA molecules, contradicting self-MHC restriction.
  • Recent research illuminates how T cells recognize these allogeneic targets.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in understanding T-cell alloreactivity.
  • To discuss the mechanisms of T-cell recognition of allogeneic HLA molecules.
  • To explore the implications for human transplantation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature and studies.
  • Analysis of molecular interactions between T cells and HLA molecules.
  • Discussion of established and emerging models of allorecognition.

Main Results:

  • Antiviral T cells exhibit direct alloreactivity via peptide-dependent molecular mimicry.
  • Alternate peptide-MHC docking modes are significant in human alloresponses.
  • Molecular interactions between T cells and HLA molecules drive effector cell activation.

Conclusions:

  • Molecular mimicry and alternate docking modes are central to T-cell alloreactivity.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for improving transplantation outcomes.
  • Further research into T-cell-HLA interactions can guide strategies to prevent transplant rejection.