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Related Concept Videos

Self-Report Tests of Personality01:22

Self-Report Tests of Personality

Self-report inventories are objective personality assessments that use multiple-choice items or numbered scales, typically ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). They are often called Likert scales after Rensis Likert. These inventories are widely used due to their ease of administration and cost-effectiveness. One of the most prominent examples is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), initially developed in the 1940s to assess abnormal personality traits.
Reliability and Validity01:29

Reliability and Validity

Reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. Reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. In the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways.
Need for Self-Esteem01:27

Need for Self-Esteem

The human need for self-esteem has long intrigued psychologists, leading to the development of several theories that explore its evolutionary and functional significance. Among the most influential are the sociometer, hierometer, and terror management theories. Each offers a unique perspective on why people strive for self-worth and how it shapes behavior and social interaction.Sociometer TheoryAccording to sociometer theory, self-esteem functions as an internal gauge of social acceptance. It...
Surveys02:16

Surveys

Often, psychologists develop surveys as a means of gathering data. Surveys are lists of questions to be answered by research participants, and can be delivered as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally. Generally, the survey itself can be completed in a short time, and the ease of administering a survey makes it easy to collect data from a large number of people.
Self-Discrepancy Theory02:45

Self-Discrepancy Theory

One influential perspective on what motivates people's behavior is detailed in Tory Higgin's self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987). He proposed that people hold disagreeing internal representations of themselves that lead to different emotional states.
Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model01:29

Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model

The Self-Evaluation Maintenance (SEM) model offers a psychological framework to understand how individuals’ self-esteem is influenced by the achievements of others, particularly those with whom they share close personal bonds. The SEM model operates when personal rather than social identity guides individuals. Central to this model is the notion that individuals have an inherent desire to preserve a favorable self-image, which is continuously shaped by interpersonal comparisons and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

Qualitative and Quantitative Validation of Tools with Rating Scales Aimed at Assessing the Quality of University Service-Learning
10:39

Qualitative and Quantitative Validation of Tools with Rating Scales Aimed at Assessing the Quality of University Service-Learning

Published on: August 29, 2025

Development, reliability, and validity of a new Preference and Satisfaction Questionnaire.

Deborah T Gold1, Rob Horne, Cheryl D Coon

  • 1Duke University Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA. dtg@geri.duke.edu

Value in Health : the Journal of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research
|December 14, 2011
PubMed
Summary

A new questionnaire (PSQ) effectively measures patient preference and satisfaction for postmenopausal bone loss treatments, comparing oral pills and injections. It is a reliable tool for assessing patient experience with different osteoporosis therapies.

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Last Updated: May 26, 2026

Qualitative and Quantitative Validation of Tools with Rating Scales Aimed at Assessing the Quality of University Service-Learning
10:39

Qualitative and Quantitative Validation of Tools with Rating Scales Aimed at Assessing the Quality of University Service-Learning

Published on: August 29, 2025

Applying an eMASS Customization Program as a Research Tool to Evaluate Consumer Benefits
08:27

Applying an eMASS Customization Program as a Research Tool to Evaluate Consumer Benefits

Published on: September 27, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Pharmacology
  • Patient-Reported Outcomes

Background:

  • Existing tools inadequately assess patient preference and satisfaction for postmenopausal bone loss treatments, particularly comparing oral versus injectable formulations.
  • There is a need for a validated instrument to capture patient perspectives on different drug delivery methods for osteoporosis management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate the Preference and Satisfaction Questionnaire (PSQ) for assessing patient preference, satisfaction, and bother with a weekly oral tablet versus a 6-month subcutaneous injection for postmenopausal bone loss.

Main Methods:

  • The PSQ was developed using literature review and expert input.
  • Content validity was assessed through group interviews with bisphosphonate users.
  • Reliability, validity, and structural integrity were evaluated in two Phase 3 randomized clinical trials involving 1583 participants.

Main Results:

  • Cognitive interviews confirmed the PSQ's understandability and acceptability among 24 women.
  • Confirmatory factor analysis supported the instrument's structure, with high interitem correlations and good fit indices.
  • High Cronbach's alpha values (0.61–0.93) indicated strong reliability for satisfaction and bother subscales. Discriminative validity was demonstrated through associations with adherence and adverse events.

Conclusions:

  • The Preference and Satisfaction Questionnaire (PSQ) is a valid and reliable instrument.
  • The PSQ can be a valuable tool for assessing patient preference and satisfaction with oral and injectable treatments for postmenopausal bone loss.