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Related Concept Videos

Local Anesthetics: Differential Sensitivity of Nerve Fibers01:24

Local Anesthetics: Differential Sensitivity of Nerve Fibers

Local anesthetics (LAs) block the sodium channels of nerve trunks, sensory nerve endings, and neuromuscular junctions. Although LAs can block all kinds of nerves, the sensitivity of nerve fibers differs according to nerve types and structures. LAs are known to block myelinated fibers faster than unmyelinated ones. Also, they block pain or sensory neurons at low concentrations without affecting the motor neurons involved in muscle contractions. This helps relieve labor pain without affecting the...
Action Potential01:14

Action Potential

Neurons communicate by firing action potentials—the electrochemical signal that is propagated along the axon. The signal results in the release of neurotransmitters at axon terminals, thereby transmitting information to the nervous system. An action potential is a specific "all-or-none" change in membrane potential that results in a rapid spike in voltage.
Membrane potential in neurons
Neurons typically have a resting membrane potential of about -70 millivolts (mV). When they receive...
Local Anesthetics: Mechanism of Action01:23

Local Anesthetics: Mechanism of Action

Local anesthetics (LAs) block sensory and motor impulses by inhibiting the sodium channels on the nerve cell membranes. This induces temporary loss of sensation, relieving pain in a specific body area.
Local anesthetics are amphiphilic molecules consisting of a hydrophobic aromatic part linked to a hydrophilic group by an ester or amide linkage. They are weak bases and are usually available as salts, which increases their solubility and stability. Once administered, LAs exist in the body either...
Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects01:12

Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects

While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
Once absorbed into the systemic circulation, local anesthetics can affect the organs that depend on the functioning of sodium...
Determining Electric Field From Electric Potential01:12

Determining Electric Field From Electric Potential

The electric field and electric potential are related to each other. If the electric field at various points in the region of interest is known, it can be used to calculate the electric potential difference between any two points. Similarly, if the electric potential is known for various points, then it is possible to calculate the electric field.
In general, regardless of whether the electric field is uniform, it points in the direction of decreasing potential because the force on a positive...
Graded Potential01:19

Graded Potential

Graded potentials are localized fluctuations in the cell membrane's electrical charge, commonly found in the dendrites of neurons. The magnitude of these potential changes depends on the strength of the initiating stimulus. In a membrane at its resting potential, a graded potential signifies a voltage shift either above -70 mV or below -70 mV.
Graded potentials fall into two categories: depolarizing and hyperpolarizing. Depolarizing graded potentials typically occur when sodium (Na+) or calcium...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

Construction of Local Field Potential Microelectrodes for in vivo Recordings from Multiple Brain Structures Simultaneously
06:07

Construction of Local Field Potential Microelectrodes for in vivo Recordings from Multiple Brain Structures Simultaneously

Published on: March 14, 2022

How local is the local field potential?

Yoshinao Kajikawa1, Charles E Schroeder

  • 1Cognitive Neuroscience and Schizophrenia Program, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA. ykajikawa@nki.rfmh.org

Neuron
|December 14, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Local field potentials (LFPs) integrate local and distant neural activity, challenging the notion that they reflect only highly localized brain regions. This finding impacts interpretations of LFPs in neurophysiology.

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Concurrent Recording of Co-localized Electroencephalography and Local Field Potential in Rodent
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Recording Spatially Restricted Oscillations in the Hippocampus of Behaving Mice
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Recording Spatially Restricted Oscillations in the Hippocampus of Behaving Mice

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 26, 2026

Construction of Local Field Potential Microelectrodes for in vivo Recordings from Multiple Brain Structures Simultaneously
06:07

Construction of Local Field Potential Microelectrodes for in vivo Recordings from Multiple Brain Structures Simultaneously

Published on: March 14, 2022

Concurrent Recording of Co-localized Electroencephalography and Local Field Potential in Rodent
08:31

Concurrent Recording of Co-localized Electroencephalography and Local Field Potential in Rodent

Published on: November 30, 2017

Recording Spatially Restricted Oscillations in the Hippocampus of Behaving Mice
07:10

Recording Spatially Restricted Oscillations in the Hippocampus of Behaving Mice

Published on: July 1, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Neurophysiology
  • Computational Neuroscience

Background:

  • Local field potentials (LFPs) are crucial in neurophysiological studies, correlating with EEG, MEG, and fMRI signals.
  • Recent studies proposed LFPs represent activity within small, localized neuronal domains (hundreds of micrometers).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the spatial scale of LFPs by comparing them with multiunit activity (MUA) and current source density (CSD) in macaque auditory cortex.
  • To challenge the prevailing assumption of extremely localized LFP signal origins.

Main Methods:

  • Simultaneous recording of LFPs, CSD, and MUA in macaque auditory cortex.
  • Analysis of frequency tuning bandwidths to estimate signal "listening areas".
  • Computational modeling and direct measurements to assess LFP spatial spread.

Main Results:

  • "Listening areas" systematically increased in size: MUA < CSD < LFP.
  • LFPs are influenced by local neural activity but also by "volume conducted" potentials from distant sites.
  • Passive spread of LFPs was observed over distances exceeding one centimeter, irrespective of frequency content.

Conclusions:

  • LFP recordings integrate signals from both local and distant neural populations.
  • The spatial domain of LFP signals is significantly larger than previously suggested.
  • Findings necessitate a re-evaluation of LFP interpretation in neurophysiological research.