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Related Concept Videos

The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by producing...
Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy
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Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy

Published on: July 14, 2023

Vitamin D status in primary hyperparathyroidism.

Walid Saliba1, Idit Lavi, Hedy S Rennert

  • 1Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology, Carmel Medical Center, Clalit Health Services, and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel. saliba_wa@clalit.org.il

European Journal of Internal Medicine
|December 14, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)D levels<50 nmol/L) is common in primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). This condition is more prevalent in PHPT patients than in the general population, indicating a link to disease severity.

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Two Techniques to Create Hypoparathyroid Mice: Parathyroidectomy Using GFP Glands and Diphtheria-Toxin-Mediated Parathyroid Ablation

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Last Updated: May 26, 2026

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy
03:57

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy

Published on: July 14, 2023

Two Techniques to Create Hypoparathyroid Mice: Parathyroidectomy Using GFP Glands and Diphtheria-Toxin-Mediated Parathyroid Ablation
07:13

Two Techniques to Create Hypoparathyroid Mice: Parathyroidectomy Using GFP Glands and Diphtheria-Toxin-Mediated Parathyroid Ablation

Published on: March 14, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Nutritional Science
  • Bone Metabolism

Background:

  • Vitamin D deficiency (hypovitaminosis D) exacerbates primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) manifestations.
  • Limited research exists on vitamin D status specifically within the PHPT population.
  • Assessing vitamin D levels in PHPT is crucial for understanding disease progression and management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)D levels<50 nmol/L) in patients with PHPT.
  • To compare the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in PHPT patients versus a control population without PHPT.

Main Methods:

  • A cohort of 1180 PHPT patients was identified from electronic health records in Israel.
  • Patients with renal failure and those taking vitamin D supplements prior to testing were excluded.
  • A control group of 184,479 individuals with available 25(OH)D test results was established for comparison.

Main Results:

  • The prevalence of 25(OH)D levels<50 nmol/L was significantly higher in PHPT patients (59.6%) compared to controls (49.5%).
  • PHPT was independently associated with lower 25(OH)D levels (OR=1.61).
  • Lower vitamin D levels in PHPT patients correlated with elevated serum PTH, alkaline phosphatase, and calcium.

Conclusions:

  • Low serum 25(OH)D levels (<50 nmol/L) are common in PHPT and more frequent than in the general population.
  • Vitamin D deficiency in PHPT is linked to more severe bone disease, indicated by higher PTH and bone turnover markers.
  • These findings highlight the importance of assessing and managing vitamin D status in PHPT patients.