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Fertilization

Fertilization

During fertilization, an egg and sperm cell fuse to create a new diploid structure. In humans, the process occurs once the egg has been released from the ovary, and travels into the fallopian tubes. The process requires several key steps: 1) sperm present in the genital tract must locate the egg; 2) once there, sperm need to release enzymes to help them burrow through the protective zona pellucida of the egg; and 3) the membranes of a single sperm cell and egg must fuse, with the sperm...

In Vitro Fertilization

In Vitro Fertilization

In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a form of assisted reproductive technology where an egg is fertilized with sperm in a controlled laboratory environment before transferring the resulting embryo into the uterus. This process is designed to help individuals and couples experiencing difficulties conceiving.
The IVF process begins with ovarian stimulation, during which reproductive endocrinologists prescribe hormonal medications to stimulate the ovaries to produce multiple eggs instead of the single...

The Angiosperm Life Cycle

The Angiosperm Life Cycle

Plants have a life cycle split between two multicellular stages: a haploid stage—with cells containing one set of chromosomes—and a diploid stage—with cells containing two sets of chromosomes. The haploid stage is the gamete-producing gametophyte, and the diploid stage is the spore-producing sporophyte.

Trihybrid Crosses

Trihybrid Crosses

Trihybrid Crosses
Some of Mendel’s crosses examined three pairs of contrasting characteristics. Such a cross is called a trihybrid cross. A trihybrid cross is a combination of three individual monohybrid crosses. For example, plant height (tall vs. short), seed shape (round vs. wrinkled), and seed color (yellow vs. green).
The F1 generation plants of a trihybrid cross are heterozygous for all three traits and produce eight gametes. Upon self-fertilization, these gametes have an equal chance to...

Cleavage and Blastulation

Cleavage and Blastulation

After a large-single-celled zygote is produced via fertilization, the process of cleavage occurs while zygotes travel through the uterine tube. Cleavage is a mitotic cell division that does not result in growth. With each round of successive cell division, daughter cells get increasingly smaller.

Pollination and Flower Structure

Pollination and Flower Structure

Flowers are the reproductive, seed-producing structures of angiosperms. Typically, flowers consist of sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels. Sepals and petals are the vegetative flower organs. Stamens and carpels are the reproductive organs.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

Evaluation of Fertilization State by Tracing Sperm Nuclear Morphology in Arabidopsis Double Fertilization

Evaluation of Fertilization State by Tracing Sperm Nuclear Morphology in Arabidopsis Double Fertilization

Published on: August 29, 2019

Double fertilization on the move.

Yuki Hamamura¹, Shiori Nagahara, Tetsuya Higashiyama

¹Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602 Aichi, Japan.

Current Opinion in Plant Biology

|December 14, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Double fertilization in flowering plants involves two sperm cells fertilizing the egg and central cell. Recent molecular and imaging techniques reveal new insights into sperm cell dynamics during this vital process in Arabidopsis.

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Last Updated: May 26, 2026

Evaluation of Fertilization State by Tracing Sperm Nuclear Morphology in Arabidopsis Double Fertilization

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Live Imaging of Arabidopsis Pollen Tube Reception and Double Fertilization Using the Semi-In Vitro Cum Septum Method

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Ploidy Manipulation of Zebrafish Embryos with Heat Shock 2 Treatment

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Published on: December 16, 2016

Area of Science:

Plant reproductive biology
Molecular genetics
Cellular dynamics

Background:

Double fertilization is crucial for seed development in flowering plants, producing the embryo and endosperm.
The intricate process has remained poorly understood due to the female gametes' embedded structure.
Previous hypotheses on sperm cell behavior may not fully reflect reality.

Purpose of the Study:

To review and elucidate the mechanism of double fertilization.
To highlight the dynamics of sperm cell behavior during fertilization.
To focus on recent findings in the model plant Arabidopsis.

Main Methods:

Molecular genetic approaches
Live-cell imaging techniques
Analysis of sperm cell dynamics in Arabidopsis

Main Results:

Sperm cell behavior differs from previously hypothesized models.
Live-cell imaging provides unprecedented views of sperm cell movement and interaction.
Molecular genetics aids in dissecting the genetic control of double fertilization.

Conclusions:

The mechanism of double fertilization is being clarified through advanced techniques.
Understanding sperm cell dynamics is key to comprehending plant reproduction.
Arabidopsis serves as a valuable model for studying double fertilization.