Nonenzymatic continuous glucose monitoring in human whole blood using electrified nanoporous Pt

This paper describes the first devised method for the nonenzymatic and electrochemical glucose monitoring in 100% human whole blood and serum. The nanoporous Pt electrode allows for the selective amplification of glucose oxidation in the presence of electroactive interfering species without the need for enzymatic reaction. The outer membrane was particularly optimized to allow glucose molecules to be electrochemically detected against the numerous constituents of human blood. The proposed sensor provided reproducible amperometric responses to glucose in human serum and whole blood. Its sensitivity was maintained for at least 7h under constantly electrified conditions, and continued to work properly after 30 days of storage in human whole blood and serum. Unlike the enzyme-based glucose sensors, it was found to be minimally affected by thermal fluctuation, so as to remain successful even after steam sterilization at high temperature (134 °C) and pressure (0.22 Mpa). The unprecedented long-term stability and sterilization compatibility observed herein suggest a promising alternative to conventional enzymatic glucose sensors for many analytical and clinical applications, particularly for continuous glucose monitoring devices designed to potentially lead to a closed-loop artificial pancreas by combining them with an insulin pump.