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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting01:45

Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...
The Nucleolus02:55

The Nucleolus

The nucleolus is the most prominent substructure of the nucleus. When it was first discovered, it was considered to be an isolated organelle that forms fibrils and granules. In 1931, the relationship between the nucleolus and chromosomes was first described by Heitz. He observed that the appearance and size of nucleolus varies depending on the stage of the cell cycle. He also noticed constricted regions on different chromosomes clustered together at definite cell cycle stages. These regions,...
Mitochondrial Precursor Proteins01:39

Mitochondrial Precursor Proteins

Mitochondrial precursors are partially unfolded or loosely folded polypeptide chains. Newly synthesized precursors are inhibited from spontaneously folding into their native conformation by the cytosolic chaperones, heat shock proteins 70 (Hsp70), and mitochondrial import stimulation factors (MSFs). Precursors bound to MSFs are guided to the TOM70-TOM37 receptors, while precursors bound to Hsp70  chaperones are targetted to TOM20-TOM22 receptor complexes.
Most of the mitochondrial precursors...
Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends01:35

Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends

In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a cap to the 5' end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5' phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached (7-methyl guanosine). This 5' cap helps the cell...
Transducer Mechanism: Nuclear Receptors01:31

Transducer Mechanism: Nuclear Receptors

Nuclear receptors, or NRs, are unique transcription factors that regulate gene transcription and affect the cellular pathways involved in reproduction, development, or metabolism. Their ability to be stimulated by small lipophilic ligands and control vital cellular processes makes them ideal drug targets. Nearly 10-15% of currently prescribed drugs target these receptors.
About 48 different soluble family members of nuclear receptors are identified that can be divided into two main classes:
Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

Nuclear Export of mRNA

Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...

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In Vitro Biochemical Assays using Biotin Labels to Study Protein-Nucleic Acid Interactions
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Published on: July 17, 2019

Nucleobindins: bioactive precursor proteins encoding putative endocrine factors?

Ronald Gonzalez1, Haneesha Mohan, Suraj Unniappan

  • 1Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

General and Comparative Endocrinology
|December 14, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nucleobindins (NUCB1, NUCB2) are calcium-binding proteins with intracellular roles. Recent discoveries highlight their potential as precursors to nesfatin-1, a key regulator of metabolic and endocrine functions.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Endocrinology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Nucleobindins (NUCB1, NUCB2) are homologous calcium and DNA-binding proteins.
  • NUCB1 functions in immunity and calcium homeostasis; NUCB2 is found in the brain and digestive tract.
  • Nesfatin-1, derived from NUCB2, is a newly discovered regulator of appetite and metabolism.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on the functional significance of NUCB1 and NUCB2.
  • To explore the potential of nucleobindins as precursors for nesfatin-1-like peptides.
  • To identify unanswered questions regarding nucleobindins and their encoded proteins.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent research on nucleobindins and nesfatin-1.
  • Analysis of sequence information for potential nesfatin-1-like peptides in NUCB1.
  • Synthesis of current knowledge on intracellular and endocrine functions.

Main Results:

  • Nesfatin-1, processed from NUCB2, significantly impacts appetite, insulin secretion, and energy homeostasis.
  • Nucleobindins possess known intracellular functions and may also generate nesfatin-1-like peptides.
  • Growing evidence supports nucleobindins as crucial precursors in endocrine signaling.

Conclusions:

  • Nucleobindins (NUCB1, NUCB2) are important proteins with both intracellular and potential endocrine roles.
  • The discovery of nesfatin-1 has increased focus on nucleobindins as precursors for metabolic regulation.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the functions of nucleobindins and their derived peptides.