Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 26, 2026

Quantification of Cerebral Vascular Architecture using Two-photon Microscopy in a Mouse Model of HIV-induced Neuroinflammation
Published on: January 12, 2016
Central nervous system complications in HIV disease: HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder
1University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
Abstract:
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) is the result of neural damage caused by HIV replication and immune activation. Potent antiretroviral therapy has reduced the prevalence of severe HAND but not mild to moderate HAND. Brief symptom questionnaires, screening tests, and neuropsychological tests can be used with relative ease in the clinic to identify cognitive and neurologic deficits and to track patient status. Increasing data on pharmacokinetics of antiretrovirals in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) have permitted formulation of central nervous system (CNS) penetration-effectiveness (CPE) rankings for single drugs and combinations. Available data indicate that regimens with higher CPE scores are associated with lower HIV RNA levels in CSF and improvement in neurocognitive functioning. This article summarizes a presentation by Scott Letendre, MD, at the IAS-USA live continuing medical education course held in San Francisco in May 2011.
Related Concept Videos
Disorders of the Nervous Tissue
Homeostatic Imbalances:
Alzheimer's disease manifests as a gradual decline in memory and cognitive abilities, attributed to the buildup of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain.
Parkinson's disease arises from the...
Hepatic Encephalopathy
Alzheimer Disease l: Introduction
Alzheimer's Disease: Overview
The clinical diagnosis of AD hinges on the presence of memory and other cognitive impairments. Biomarkers, such as changes in Aβ and tau...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology
Huntington Disease l: Introduction

