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Related Concept Videos

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease II: Emphysema01:23

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease II: Emphysema

Emphysema, a major phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is characterized by irreversible destruction of alveolar walls and permanent enlargement of distal airspaces. Unlike chronic bronchitis, which primarily affects the airways, emphysema predominantly involves the lung parenchyma, where structural damage leads to airflow limitation.PathophysiologyIt most commonly results from prolonged exposure to cigarette smoke and other toxic gases, particularly cigarette smoke.
Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation01:17

Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation

In terms of human respiration, the act of expelling air, known as exhalation (or expiration), operates on the principle of pressure gradients. During expiration, the pressure within the lungs exceeds that of the surrounding atmosphere. Under normal conditions, quiet breathing involves passive exhalation and is free of muscular contractions. This is because the exhalation process is driven by the natural elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall, both of which have an inherent tendency to...
Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract01:29

Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract

The human respiratory tract, comprising the upper and lower segments, serves as a critical interface with the external environment. The upper respiratory tract (URT)—including the nostrils, sinuses, pharynx, and oropharynx—is heavily colonized by microbes, while the lower respiratory tract (LRT), composed of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs, was long thought to be sterile. However, recent molecular studies have revealed that the lungs are not devoid of microbes but act more like...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features01:24

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features

Chronic bronchitis is a key phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), characterized by airway-centered inflammation and mucus overproduction. It develops from long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases, most commonly cigarette smoke, which triggers a persistent inflammatory response.Cellular and Structural ChangesInflammation initially affects the large bronchi and later the smaller airways, with infiltration by immune cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, and...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology01:20

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) pathophysiology is intricate and multifaceted, involving a complex interplay of physiological processes. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for effectively managing and treating COPD. Here is an in-depth look at the critical elements in the pathophysiology of COPD:
Chronic Inflammation
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease I: Introduction01:23

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease I: Introduction

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a common, preventable, and treatable respiratory disorder characterized by persistent symptoms and progressive airflow limitation. This limitation results from a combination of small-airway disease (obstructive bronchiolitis) and parenchymal destruction (emphysema), both driven by chronic inflammation from exposure to harmful particles or gases.The disease includes two main pathological entities: emphysema, marked by destruction of alveolar walls and...

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Measuring Carbon Content in Airway Macrophages Exposed to Carbon-Containing Particulate Matters
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Published on: July 12, 2024

Exhaled endogenous particles contain lung proteins.

Anna Bredberg1, Johan Gobom, Ann-Charlotte Almstrand

  • 1Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. anna.bredberg@amm.gu.se

Clinical Chemistry
|December 14, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Particles in exhaled air (PEx) analysis reveals respiratory tract lining fluid (RTLF) protein composition. This noninvasive method accurately reflects undiluted RTLF, offering a new diagnostic tool.

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Area of Science:

  • Pulmonary Medicine
  • Proteomics
  • Biomarker Discovery

Background:

  • A novel noninvasive method for sampling distal airway material via particles in exhaled air (PEx) was developed.
  • The current study aimed to characterize PEx protein composition and confirm its origin from respiratory tract lining fluid (RTLF).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the protein content of particles in exhaled air (PEx).
  • To validate that PEx originate from respiratory tract lining fluid (RTLF).

Main Methods:

  • Healthy subjects exhaled into a device collecting PEx on silicon plates.
  • PEx proteins were extracted, separated by SDS-PAGE, and analyzed using LC-MS.
  • Protein identification was performed using the Mascot search engine against the International Protein Index human database.

Main Results:

  • 124 proteins were identified in the PEx samples.
  • 83% of identified PEx proteins overlapped with previously published bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) proteomic data.
  • Estimated protein abundances aligned with expected RTLF composition, and no salivary amylase was detected.

Conclusions:

  • Particles in exhaled air (PEx) are confirmed to originate from respiratory tract lining fluid (RTLF).
  • PEx analysis provides a reliable reflection of undiluted RTLF composition.