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Related Concept Videos

Cholecystitis01:20

Cholecystitis

Cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder, most commonly caused by obstruction of the cystic duct. This blockage prevents bile from draining, leading to gallbladder distension, inflammation, and potentially serious complications. This condition may present acutely or chronically and can happen with or without gallstones.EtiologyAbout 95% of cholecystitis cases are calculous, caused by gallstones blocking the cystic duct, leading to bile accumulation and inflammation of the gallbladder...
Pancreatic Juice and Secretion01:26

Pancreatic Juice and Secretion

Pancreatic juice is a clear fluid produced by the pancreas, containing water, salts, sodium bicarbonate, and enzymes vital for digestion in the small intestine. It helps break down large molecules, facilitating nutrient absorption.
When acidic chyme from the stomach enters the duodenum, it triggers the release of secretin, a hormone that prompts pancreatic juice secretion. After a fatty meal, cholecystokinin, another hormone, stimulates gallbladder contraction and enhances enzyme-rich...
Hormonal Regulation01:40

Hormonal Regulation

Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.
Intestinal Phase of Digestion01:29

Intestinal Phase of Digestion

The intestinal phase of digestion is the third and final stage of the digestive process, occurring after the cephalic and gastric phases. It begins when chyme, a partially digested mixture of food and digestive enzymes, enters the small intestine from the stomach. This phase is crucial for nutrient absorption and involves complex hormonal and enzymatic interactions.
The arrival of the chyme in the small intestine distends the duodenum, which triggers the enterogastric reflex. This distension...
Bile01:19

Bile

Bile is a crucial bodily fluid, characterized by its yellow-green color and alkaline nature. Produced in the liver, it is transported through the common hepatic duct into either the cystic duct, leading to the gallbladder, or directly into the common bile duct. The flow of bile is regulated by the sphincter of Oddi located at the entrance of the duodenum. When this sphincter is closed, bile is redirected to the gallbladder for storage and concentration.
Bile is released when dietary fats enter...
Gastric Emptying01:16

Gastric Emptying

Gastric emptying occurs when the stomach gradually releases chyme into the duodenum. When the stomach is distended, it triggers the release of gastrin, a hormone that promotes gastric acid secretion to aid in digestion. Additionally, stomach distension contributes to peristaltic waves that propel gastric contents toward the pyloric region. The gastroenteric reflex, on the other hand, primarily stimulates peristalsis in the intestines, facilitating the movement of contents further along the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

The Role of Indocyanine Green Fluorescence in Complex Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Navigation
03:27

The Role of Indocyanine Green Fluorescence in Complex Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Navigation

Published on: January 31, 2025

Cholecystokinin.

Graham J Dockray1

  • 1Physiological Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK. g.j.dockray@liverpool.ac.uk

Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Obesity
|December 14, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Cholecystokinin (CCK) regulates nutrient delivery by controlling food intake and gastric emptying. Obesity can lead to resistance to CCK, potentially altering appetite regulation.

Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Neuroendocrinology
  • Metabolic Regulation

Background:

  • Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a key hormone regulating nutrient absorption and satiety.
  • CCK release is triggered by dietary lipids and proteins.
  • CCK influences vagal afferent neurons, impacting ingestion signals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on the mechanisms and timing of CCK's actions.
  • To explore CCK's role in integrating peripheral signals related to ingestion.
  • To understand CCK's influence on central nervous system responses to nutrients.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature on CCK.
  • Analysis of studies on G-protein-coupled receptors (GPR40) and calcium-sensing receptor involvement.

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Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy with Indocyanine Green Fluorescence: Choledochoscopic Stone Extraction and Primary Duct Suture
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Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy with Indocyanine Green Fluorescence: Choledochoscopic Stone Extraction and Primary Duct Suture

Published on: November 25, 2025

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Last Updated: May 26, 2026

The Role of Indocyanine Green Fluorescence in Complex Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Navigation
03:27

The Role of Indocyanine Green Fluorescence in Complex Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Navigation

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Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy with Indocyanine Green Fluorescence: Choledochoscopic Stone Extraction and Primary Duct Suture
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Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy with Indocyanine Green Fluorescence: Choledochoscopic Stone Extraction and Primary Duct Suture

Published on: November 25, 2025

  • Examination of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies in humans.

    • Main Results:

    • CCK release involves GPR40 and calcium-sensing receptor pathways.
    • Vagal afferent neurons are primary CCK targets, integrating ingestion signals.
    • Leptin potentiates CCK effects, while ghrelin inhibits them; these effects are diminished in obesity.
    • fMRI studies show CCK-1 receptor antagonist inhibits brain responses to fatty acids.
    • CCK may support pancreatic beta-cell mass and act as an incretin.

    Conclusions:

    • CCK inhibits food intake in response to lipids and proteins.
    • Obesity is associated with CCK resistance, potentially contributing to appetite dysregulation.