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Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

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The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...

Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction

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Renal calculi, or kidney stones, are solid deposits of minerals and salts formed inside the kidneys. In medical terminology, "calculus" refers to the stone itself, while "lithiasis" describes the process of stone formation. Depending on their location within the urinary system, these stones may be classified as either urolithiasis, when situated within the urinary tract, or nephrolithiasis, when located within the kidneys. Each term signifies the specific impact of the stone.Predisposition...

Urine Studies I: Urinalysis

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Management of renal calculi focuses on effective strategies like tailored nutrition and hydration therapy. Adjusting diet and fluid intake reduces stone formation and recurrence, making these interventions simple yet powerful in kidney stone prevention and management.Understanding Kidney StonesKidney stones form when calcium, oxalate, uric acid, and cystine concentrate and crystallize in urine. Factors contributing to their formation include genetic predisposition, certain medical conditions,...

Renal Corpuscle

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The glomerulus and Bowman's capsule are two essential components of the nephron, which is the functional unit of the kidney. These microscopic structures play a critical role in the process of blood filtration to produce urine.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

Estimation of Urinary Nanocrystals in Humans using Calcium Fluorophore Labeling and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis

Estimation of Urinary Nanocrystals in Humans using Calcium Fluorophore Labeling and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis

Published on: February 9, 2021

Hyperuricemia, gout and the kidney.

Terence Gibson¹

¹Guys and St Thomas NHS Foundation, Trust, London, UK. terence.gibson@kcl.ac.uk

Current Opinion in Rheumatology

|December 14, 2011

Summary

Genetic factors influence uric acid transport in the kidneys, impacting hyperuricemia and gout risk. While familial hyperuricemia doesn't cause kidney failure, high uric acid levels may harm kidney function.

Area of Science:

Nephrology
Genetics
Metabolic Disorders

Background:

Uric acid homeostasis is crucial for kidney health.
Genetic factors significantly influence renal tubular handling of uric acid.
Hyperuricemia is linked to gout and chronic kidney disease.

Purpose of the Study:

To review current knowledge on renal uric acid transport and its genetic basis.
To explore the relationship between hyperuricemia, gout, and kidney damage.
To determine if hyperuricemia causes or results from renal dysfunction.

Main Methods:

Review of recent genetic studies on uric acid transporters.
Analysis of familial hyperuricemia and nephropathy cases.
Evaluation of clinical trials on uric acid-lowering therapies.

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Quantitative SERS Detection of Uric Acid via Formation of Precise Plasmonic Nanojunctions within Aggregates of Gold Nanoparticles and Cucurbit[n]uril

Quantitative SERS Detection of Uric Acid via Formation of Precise Plasmonic Nanojunctions within Aggregates of Gold Nanoparticles and Cucurbit[n]uril

Published on: October 3, 2020

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Last Updated: May 26, 2026

Estimation of Urinary Nanocrystals in Humans using Calcium Fluorophore Labeling and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis

Estimation of Urinary Nanocrystals in Humans using Calcium Fluorophore Labeling and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis

Published on: February 9, 2021

Quantitative SERS Detection of Uric Acid via Formation of Precise Plasmonic Nanojunctions within Aggregates of Gold Nanoparticles and Cucurbit[n]uril

Quantitative SERS Detection of Uric Acid via Formation of Precise Plasmonic Nanojunctions within Aggregates of Gold Nanoparticles and Cucurbit[n]uril

Published on: October 3, 2020

Main Results:

The SLC2A9 gene, encoding GLUT9, is vital for proximal tubule uric acid transport; its polymorphisms are linked to gout and hypouricemia.
Mutations in the UMOD gene cause familial juvenile hyperuricemic nephropathy, affecting proximal tubule cilia.
Therapies like allopurinol and febuxostat suggest hyperuricemia may impair glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

Conclusions:

Renal uric acid handling relies on transporters like GLUT9, with SLC2A9 mutations affecting uric acid disposal.
Uromodulin deficiency-related hyperuricemia precedes kidney failure but doesn't cause it.
Evidence supports the hypothesis that hyperuricemia adversely impacts kidney function.