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Related Concept Videos

Chronic Kidney Disease I: Introduction01:25

Chronic Kidney Disease I: Introduction

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) arises when the kidneys progressively lose their ability to function, ultimately leading to end-stage renal disease. At this advanced stage, the kidneys can no longer filter waste or maintain essential body functions, requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) through dialysis or a kidney transplant for survival.Early-stage chronic kidney disease and detection challengesIn CKD's early stages, symptoms often remain absent because healthy nephrons compensate for...
Chronic Kidney Disease II: Clinical Manifestations01:24

Chronic Kidney Disease II: Clinical Manifestations

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) progressively impairs multiple body systems due to the accumulation of uremic toxins, which disrupt cellular functions across various organs.Neurologic symptomsNeurologic symptoms often arise early in CKD, as uremic toxin buildup drives changes in cognitive and motor functions. Patients frequently experience fatigue, headache, confusion, difficulty concentrating, and, in severe cases, seizures. Peripheral neuropathy commonly manifests as burning sensations in the...
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Chronic Kidney Disease III: Interprofessional Care

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) requires collaborative and comprehensive management. CKD progresses through stages and can lead to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) if untreated. Interprofessional collaboration and patient education are crucial, enabling patients to manage their health and improve their quality of life.Diagnostic approach for chronic kidney diseaseThe diagnosis of CKD primarily focuses on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which assesses kidney function by measuring how well...
Chronic Kidney Disease IV: Nursing Management01:18

Chronic Kidney Disease IV: Nursing Management

Nursing management is essential for preventing complications, maintaining stability, and improving patients' quality of life in chronic kidney disease (CKD). By using a structured approach, nurses help slow CKD progression and support effective patient care​.1. Comprehensive patient assessmentEffective management begins with nurses reviewing the patient’s medical history, and identifying key risk factors like diabetes, hypertension, and nephrotoxic drug use. Nurses assess signs of fluid...
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease II: Emphysema

Emphysema, a major phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is characterized by irreversible destruction of alveolar walls and permanent enlargement of distal airspaces. Unlike chronic bronchitis, which primarily affects the airways, emphysema predominantly involves the lung parenchyma, where structural damage leads to airflow limitation.PathophysiologyIt most commonly results from prolonged exposure to cigarette smoke and other toxic gases, particularly cigarette smoke.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-I: Introduction01:20

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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a long-lasting respiratory condition requiring continuous attention and care. It is a progressive lung disease that leads to breathing challenges due to airflow obstruction. It manifests as persistent respiratory symptoms and restricted airflow resulting from abnormalities in the airways and alveoli, usually due to long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases. COPD mainly consists of two primary conditions: emphysema and chronic bronchitis.

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Cigarette Smoke Exposure in Mice using a Whole-Body Inhalation System
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Published on: October 22, 2020

Cigarette smoking and chronic kidney diseases.

Yasuyuki Nagasawa1, Ryohei Yamamoto, Hiromi Rakugi

  • 1Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan. nagasawa@kid.med.osaka-u.ac.jp

Hypertension Research : Official Journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension
|December 14, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Smoking shows a clear link to chronic kidney diseases (CKDs) like IgA nephropathy and in kidney transplant patients. However, the relationship between smoking and CKD in diabetes or hypertension is less clear.

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Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Observational studies suggest varied relationships between smoking and different types of chronic kidney diseases (CKDs).
  • No randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have specifically investigated smoking's impact on various CKDs.
  • Understanding these associations is crucial for nephrologists and public health initiatives.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review existing evidence on the relationship between smoking and specific CKD types.
  • To examine this relationship in the general population and in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension (HT), primary glomerulonephritis, and kidney transplants.
  • To synthesize current knowledge for clinical and research applications.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of observational studies.
  • Analysis of evidence stratified by CKD type (IgA nephropathy, DM, HT, glomerulonephritis, kidney transplants).
  • Consideration of CKD stage in relation to smoking effects.

Main Results:

  • Strong evidence links smoking to CKD in IgA nephropathy and kidney transplant recipients.
  • Limited evidence supports a direct relationship between smoking and CKD in patients with DM or HT.
  • The impact of smoking on CKD progression appears to vary with CKD stage, suggesting a potential cumulative effect, possibly via oxidative stress.

Conclusions:

  • Smoking is a significant risk factor for certain CKDs, notably IgA nephropathy and post-transplant kidney disease.
  • The role of smoking in CKD progression among patients with DM or HT requires further investigation.
  • Further research into the mechanisms, such as oxidative stress, underlying smoking's effect on CKD is warranted for targeted interventions.