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Reliability and Validity01:29

Reliability and Validity

Reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. Reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. In the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways.
Self-Report Tests of Personality01:22

Self-Report Tests of Personality

Self-report inventories are objective personality assessments that use multiple-choice items or numbered scales, typically ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). They are often called Likert scales after Rensis Likert. These inventories are widely used due to their ease of administration and cost-effectiveness. One of the most prominent examples is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), initially developed in the 1940s to assess abnormal personality traits.
Case Studies01:22

Case Studies

There are many research methods available to psychologists in their efforts to understand, describe, and explain behavior and the cognitive and biological processes that underlie it.
Group Design02:01

Group Design

The most basic experimental design involves two groups: the experimental group and the control group. The two groups are designed to be the same except for one difference— experimental manipulation. The experimental group gets the experimental manipulation—that is, the treatment or variable being tested—and the control group does not. Since experimental manipulation is the only difference between the experimental and control groups, we can be sure that any differences between the two are due to...
McNemar's Test01:23

McNemar's Test

McNemar's Test is a nonparametric statistical test used to determine if there is a significant difference in proportions between two related groups when the outcome is binary (e.g., yes/no, success/failure). It is beneficial when we have paired data, such as pre-test/post-test designs, where the same subjects are measured under two different conditions. The test is named after the statistician Quinn McNemar, who introduced it in 1947. It is commonly used in situations where subjects are...
Theory of Attribution II: Kelley's Covariation Theory01:29

Theory of Attribution II: Kelley's Covariation Theory

Attribution theory plays a crucial role in social psychology, helping to explain how individuals interpret the causes of behavior. One prominent model within this field is Harold Kelley's covariation theory, which provides a systematic approach to determining whether internal traits or external circumstances drive a person's actions. The model posits that individuals rely on three key types of information—consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness—to make these judgments.Consensus: Comparing...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

Multimedia Battery for Assessment of Cognitive and Basic Skills in Mathematics (BM-PROMA)
10:58

Multimedia Battery for Assessment of Cognitive and Basic Skills in Mathematics (BM-PROMA)

Published on: August 28, 2021

Generalizability analyses of NBDE Part II.

Tsung-Hsun Tsai1, Chingwei David Shin, Laura M Neumann

  • 1Department of Testing Services, American Dental Association, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. tsait@ada.org

Evaluation & the Health Professions
|December 14, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Generalizability theory suggests that increasing the number of cases, rather than items per case, can enhance score reliability for dental licensing exams. Practical constraints like time and cost are crucial considerations.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 26, 2026

Multimedia Battery for Assessment of Cognitive and Basic Skills in Mathematics (BM-PROMA)
10:58

Multimedia Battery for Assessment of Cognitive and Basic Skills in Mathematics (BM-PROMA)

Published on: August 28, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Psychometrics
  • Educational Measurement
  • Dental Education

Background:

  • Assessing score reliability is critical in high-stakes examinations like the National Board Dental Examinations (NBDE).
  • Generalizability theory provides a framework for evaluating multifaceted sources of measurement error.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To apply generalizability theory to the NBDE Part II.
  • To investigate how varying the number of cases and items influences score generalizability.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized generalizability theory to analyze item responses from 1,535 dental candidates.
  • Defined sources of error and classified measurement conditions.
  • Computed error variances and generalizability coefficients under different conditions.

Main Results:

  • Increasing the number of cases, with fewer items per case, may yield greater generalizability improvements compared to increasing items per case.
  • Identified specific error variances and generalizability coefficients for various measurement conditions.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides empirical evidence on optimizing test design for enhanced reliability in dental licensure testing.
  • Findings suggest a strategic approach to balancing the number of cases and items for maximum generalizability, considering practical constraints.