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Related Concept Videos

Electron Transport Chain Components01:29

Electron Transport Chain Components

The electron transport chain (ETC) is a crucial metabolic pathway that facilitates energy conversion in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In eukaryotes, the ETC comprises four membrane-associated protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane. In prokaryotes, the ETC in the plasma membrane can vary in composition, with fewer or different complexes depending on the organism and environmental conditions. These complexes transfer electrons from electron donors, such as NADH and FADH2, to...
Electron Transport Chains01:28

Electron Transport Chains

The final stage of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation that consists of two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. The electron transport chain is a set of proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to establish a proton gradient that can be used during chemiosmosis to produce ATP and generate electron carriers, such as NAD+ and FAD, that are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
The ETC is comprised of...
Processes at Electrodes01:30

Processes at Electrodes

The electrode interacts with ions in the electrolyte solution at its interface. The rate of oxidation and reduction depends on the speed at which electrons can transfer through this interface. As ions attach to or leave the electrode surface, the electrode acquires a charge, and an electrical potential forms across the interface, making the process more difficult to reach equilibrium. The charge on the electrode affects the local ion concentrations in the solution, though thermal motion...
The Electron Transport Chain01:30

The Electron Transport Chain

The electron transport chain or oxidative phosphorylation is an exothermic process in which free energy released during electron transfer reactions is coupled to ATP synthesis. This process is a significant source of energy in aerobic cells, and therefore inhibitors of the electron transport chain can be detrimental to the cell's metabolic processes.
Inhibitors of the electron transport chain
Rotenone, a widely used pesticide, prevents electron transfer from Fe-S cluster to ubiquinone or Q in...
The Z-Scheme of Electron Transport in Photosynthesis01:34

The Z-Scheme of Electron Transport in Photosynthesis

The light reactions of photosynthesis assume a linear flow of electrons from water to NADP+. During this process, light energy drives the splitting of water molecules to produce oxygen. However, oxidation of water molecules is a thermodynamically unfavorable reaction and requires a strong oxidizing agent. This is accomplished by the first product of light reactions: oxidized P680 (or P680+), the most powerful oxidizing agent known in biology. The oxidized P680 that acquires an electron from the...
Electron Transport Chain: Complex III and IV01:43

Electron Transport Chain: Complex III and IV

During the electron transport chain, electrons from NADH and FADH2 are first transferred to complexes I and II, respectively. These two complexes then transfer the electrons to ubiquinol, which carries them further to complex III. Complex III passes the electrons across the intermembrane space to Cyt c, which carries them further to complex IV. Complex IV donates electrons to oxygen and reduces it to water. As electrons pass through complexes I, III, and IV, the energy released aids the pumping...

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Translating Extracellular Electron Transfer Activities with Organic Electrochemical Transistors
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Proton-coupled electron transfer at modified electrodes by multiple pathways.

Zuofeng Chen1, Aaron K Vannucci, Javier J Concepcion

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|December 14, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Investigating ruthenium complexes for water and hydrocarbon oxidation reveals that electrode material and conditions significantly impact reaction rates. Optimizing these factors is key to efficient catalysis.

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Catalysis
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Polypyridyl ruthenium (Ru) complexes are crucial for water and hydrocarbon oxidation catalysis.
  • Accessing high-valent Ru states (Ru(V)=O/Ru(IV)=O) is often rate-limiting in electrochemical catalysis.
  • Proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) is vital for accessing these reactive states, but can be kinetically inhibited at inert electrodes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the microscopic factors influencing the oxidation of Ru(III)-aqua and phosphonate-bound Ru complexes to Ru(IV)=O.
  • To understand the role of electrode material, temperature, and surface properties in catalytic efficiency.
  • To elucidate the impact of solution conditions like pH, buffer, and solvent on the reaction mechanism.

Main Methods:

  • Electrochemical oxidation studies of Ru complexes on various electrode surfaces (SnO2, In2O3, TiO2).
  • Investigation of temperature, surface coverage, pH, and solvent effects.
  • Use of H2O/D2O solvent isotope effects to probe reaction mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Electrode material significantly influences the kinetics of Ru oxidation.
  • Temperature, surface coverage, pH, and buffer base concentration play critical roles.
  • Solvent and solvent isotope effects provide insights into proton transfer mechanisms.
  • Surface-bound phosphonate groups may act as proton acceptors in nonaqueous solvents.

Conclusions:

  • The nature of the electrode and reaction conditions are crucial for efficient Ru-catalyzed oxidation.
  • Understanding these microscopic phenomena enables optimization of catalytic systems.
  • This research contributes to the development of advanced electrochemical catalysts.