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Related Concept Videos

Caspases01:24

Caspases

Caspase, a family of cysteine proteases, serve as effectors in apoptosis. The ced3 gene in C.elegans was first identified to be involved in apoptosis. This gene encodes the ced-3 caspase that is similar to the interleukin-1-beta converting enzyme or ICE in mammals. In addition to apoptosis, caspases also function in the inflammatory response. Inflammatory caspases are essential in activating pro-inflammatory cytokines that recruit immune cells and block the replication of pathogens inside cells.
The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
CRISPR and crRNAs02:53

CRISPR and crRNAs

Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
The CRISPR-Cas system stores a copy of foreign DNA in the host genome and uses it to identify the foreign DNA upon reinfection. CRISPR-Cas has three different...
Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size reduction of the tissue.
The Antiviral System of Bacteria and Archaea: CRISPR01:23

The Antiviral System of Bacteria and Archaea: CRISPR

CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats is a adaptive immune system found in bacteria and archaea that protects against viral infections. This system enables prokaryotic cells to identify, remember, and neutralize foreign genetic elements, primarily bacteriophages, by storing fragments of the invader’s DNA as a genetic memory.The CRISPR immune response begins during an initial infection. Cas (CRISPR-associated) proteins play a central role in this defense.

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Evaluation of Caspase Activation to Assess Innate Immune Cell Death
10:23

Evaluation of Caspase Activation to Assess Innate Immune Cell Death

Published on: January 20, 2023

Caspase work model during pathogen infection.

Yan-Bin Ma1, Hui-Yun Chang

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China.

Virologica Sinica
|December 14, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Caspases, essential proteases, regulate immune responses and apoptosis for pathogen clearance. Understanding their distinct roles offers novel therapeutic strategies for intracellular pathogens and autoimmune diseases.

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Evaluation of Caspase Activation to Assess Innate Immune Cell Death
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Lighting Up the Pathways to Caspase Activation Using Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation

Published on: March 5, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Caspases are critical aspartate-specific proteases involved in apoptosis.
  • Both inflammatory and non-inflammatory caspases play key roles in immune regulation.
  • Apoptosis aids in clearing invasive pathogens, with caspases central to this process.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce the benefits of apoptosis in pathogen clearance.
  • To elucidate the diverse roles of caspases in immune response.
  • To propose a working model of caspase function during pathogen invasion.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on caspase functions in apoptosis and immunity.
  • Construction of a conceptual model illustrating caspase activity during pathogen invasion.
  • Analysis of caspase regulation by specific inhibitors.

Main Results:

  • Apoptosis effectively clears invasive pathogens, a process mediated by caspases.
  • Initiator, effector, and inflammatory caspases exhibit distinct roles in immune regulation.
  • A model detailing three distinct modes of caspase action during pathogen invasion was developed.

Conclusions:

  • Caspase functions are integral to both apoptosis and immune response.
  • Targeting specific caspase inhibitors may offer novel therapeutic avenues.
  • Potential treatments for intracellular pathogen infections and autoimmune diseases can be developed based on caspase modulation.