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Related Concept Videos

The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness02:19

The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness

The Y chromosome is a sex chromosome found in several vertebrates and mammals, including humans. In addition to 22 pairs of autosomes, the human males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. In these organisms, the presence or absence of the Y chromosome determines the development of male traits.
Evolution
Around 300 million years ago, the two sex chromosomes diverged from two identical autosomal chromosomes. Over time, the Y chromosome has lost most of its genes, shrinking in size. Today,...
The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes02:45

The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes

In most organisms, sex is determined by the ratio of X and Y chromosomes. However, in some organisms, such as Drosophila and C.elegans, sex is determined by the ratio of the number of X chromosomes to the number of sets of autosomes. The Y chromosome in Drosophila is active but does not determine sex. It contains genes responsible for the production of sperms in adult flies.  
Normal male Drosophila has a ratio of one X chromosome to two sets of autosomes. In contrast, normal female Drosophila...
Dosage Compensation02:50

Dosage Compensation

In animals, gender is determined by the number and type of sex chromosome. For example, human females have two X chromosomes, and males have one X and one Y chromosome, whereas C.elegans with one X chromosome is a male, and the one with two X chromosomes is a hermaphrodite.
In addition to sexual development, the X chromosome has genes involved in autosomal functions such as brain development and the immune system. Therefore, males and females with  distinct numbers of X chromosomes will have...
X and Y Chromosomes02:32

X and Y Chromosomes

Among mammals, the gender of an organism is determined by the sex chromosomes. Humans have two sex chromosomes, X and Y. Every human diploid cell has 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. A human female has two X chromosomes, while a male has one X chromosome and one Y chromosome.
The germline cells such as egg and sperm cells carry only half the number of chromosomes, i.e., 22 autosomes and one sex chromosome. All eggs have an X chromosome, while sperm cells can carry an X or...
Development of the Sexual Organs in the Embryo and Fetus01:15

Development of the Sexual Organs in the Embryo and Fetus

Development of the reproductive organs in an embryo starts from a bipotential state. This means the early embryo can develop either male or female reproductive organs. The formation of these organs begins with the growth of gonadal ridges that arise from the intermediate mesoderm during the fifth week of development.
Near the gonadal ridges, two duct systems are present: the mesonephric ducts (Wolffian ducts) and paramesonephric ducts (Müllerian ducts). These ducts form the basis for the male...
Sex-linked Disorders01:43

Sex-linked Disorders

Like autosomes, sex chromosomes contain a variety of genes necessary for normal body function. When a mutation in one of these genes results in biological deficits, the disorder is considered sex-linked.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

A Novel Saturation Mutagenesis Approach: Single Step Characterization of Regulatory Protein Binding Sites in RNA Using Phosphorothioates
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SRY protein function in sex determination: thinking outside the box.

Liang Zhao1, Peter Koopman

  • 1Division of Molecular Genetics and Development, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.

Chromosome Research : an International Journal on the Molecular, Supramolecular and Evolutionary Aspects of Chromosome Biology
|December 14, 2011
PubMed
Summary

The mammalian sex-determining gene Sry

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics and Molecular Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Mammalian Reproduction

Background:

  • The Sry gene is crucial for mammalian sex determination.
  • The HMG box domain of Sry is well-studied for DNA binding.
  • Regions outside the HMG box are less understood due to sequence diversity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review functional evidence for Sry regions beyond the HMG box.
  • To identify biochemical functions of non-HMG-box domains in sex determination.
  • To explore reasons for the variability in these non-HMG-box domains.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and evidence synthesis.
  • Analysis of existing functional and biochemical data.
  • Comparative analysis of Sry non-HMG-box domain sequences and structures.

Main Results:

  • Non-HMG-box regions of Sry possess diverse functional roles.
  • Evidence suggests these regions are involved in protein-protein interactions and regulatory functions.
  • Variability in non-HMG-box domains may relate to species-specific regulatory mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • Sry's function extends beyond its HMG box DNA-binding capacity.
  • Non-HMG-box domains are critical for the full spectrum of Sry's role in sex determination.
  • Further research into these diverse domains is essential for a comprehensive understanding of mammalian sex determination.