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Related Concept Videos

Imaging Studies III: Computed Tomography01:27

Imaging Studies III: Computed Tomography

DefinitionComputed Tomography (CT) of the genitourinary (GU) tract is a non-invasive imaging modality that utilizes X-rays and computer processing to generate detailed cross-sectional images of the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and adjacent structures such as the adrenal glands.PurposeCT scans of the GU tract serve several diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, including:Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Diseases: Detects kidney stones, tumors, cysts, and congenital...
Computed Tomography01:10

Computed Tomography

Tomography refers to imaging by sections. Computed tomography (CT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses computers to analyze several cross-sectional X-rays to reveal minute details about structures in the body.
The technique was invented in the 1970s and is based on the principle that as X-rays pass through the body, they are absorbed or reflected at different levels. In the technique, a patient lies on a motorized platform while a computerized axial tomography (CAT) scanner rotates...
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Positron emission tomography (PET) is a medical imaging technique involving radiopharmaceuticals — substances that emit short-lived radiation. Although the first PET scanner was introduced in 1961, it took 15 more years before radiopharmaceuticals were combined with the technique and revolutionized its potential.
One of the main requirements of a PET scan is a positron-emitting radioisotope, which is produced in a cyclotron and then attached to a substance used by the part of the body being...
Imaging Studies II: Positron Emission Tomography and Scintigraphy01:25

Imaging Studies II: Positron Emission Tomography and Scintigraphy

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is a medical imaging technique that provides crucial insights into the body's physiological functions at a molecular level. It is an indispensable resource for diagnosing, staging, and monitoring various illnesses, notably cancer, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular conditions.
Fundamental Principles of PET

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

Construction of a Preclinical Multimodality Phantom Using Tissue-mimicking Materials for Quality Assurance in Tumor Size Measurement
06:33

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Published on: July 29, 2013

A simple isotropic phantom for diffusional kurtosis imaging.

Els Fieremans1, Antonio Pires, Jens H Jensen

  • 1Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, United States of America. Els.Fieremans@nyumc.org

Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
|December 14, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Dairy cream serves as an affordable phantom for testing diffusional kurtosis imaging (DKI). Its properties mimic human brain tissue, offering a reliable calibration standard for multicenter DKI studies.

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Area of Science:

  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  • Biophysics
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Diffusional Kurtosis Imaging (DKI) is an advanced MRI technique that provides insights into tissue microstructure beyond traditional diffusion imaging.
  • Developing reliable phantoms is crucial for standardizing DKI data acquisition and analysis across different centers.
  • In vivo DKI studies in the human brain require robust calibration tools to ensure accuracy and reproducibility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate dairy cream as a simple, inexpensive, and isotropic phantom for testing DKI protocols.
  • To characterize the diffusion and kurtosis properties of dairy cream and compare them to in vivo human brain data.
  • To assess the potential of dairy cream as a calibration standard for multicenter DKI studies.

Main Methods:

  • Dairy cream was used as a phantom for DKI data acquisition and postprocessing.
  • Diffusion coefficients and diffusional kurtosis were measured for cream's fat and water components.
  • The effect of heating on T(2)-relaxation time of fat protons was investigated.
  • Consistency checks were performed by comparing directly measured parameters with predicted values based on component properties.

Main Results:

  • Dairy cream demonstrated isotropic properties suitable for DKI phantom testing.
  • The measured diffusion coefficient (1.1 μm(2)/ms) and diffusional kurtosis (1.2) in cream are comparable to in vivo human brain values.
  • Heating cream increased the T(2)-relaxation time of fat protons, aiding evaluation of clinical DKI protocols.
  • Directly measured and predicted diffusion and kurtosis parameters showed good agreement, validating the phantom's consistency.

Conclusions:

  • Dairy cream is a practical and cost-effective phantom for validating DKI data acquisition and processing.
  • The biophysical properties of cream make it a suitable surrogate for human brain tissue in DKI research.
  • Dairy cream is proposed as a valuable calibration standard to enhance the reliability of multicenter diffusional kurtosis imaging studies.