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Related Concept Videos

Indicators02:39

Indicators

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Certain organic substances change color in dilute solution when the hydronium ion concentration reaches a particular value. For example, phenolphthalein is a colorless substance in any aqueous solution with a hydronium ion concentration greater than 5.0 × 10−9 M (pH < 8.3). In more basic solutions where the hydronium ion concentration is less than 5.0 × 10−9 M (pH > 8.3), it is red or pink. Substances such as phenolphthalein, which can be used to determine the pH of a solution, are...
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Muscles of the Anterior Neck01:26

Muscles of the Anterior Neck

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The anterior neck muscles are the group of muscles covering the front part of the neck. These muscles are classified into three subgroups. The first one is the superficial muscles, the most visible muscles in the front of the neck. It includes the platysma and sternocleidomastoid. The second group is the suprahyoid muscles, located above the hyoid bone. This group comprises the digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, and stylohyoid. Lastly, the infrahyoid muscles are found below the hyoid bone and...
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Arteries of the Head and Neck01:26

Arteries of the Head and Neck

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The human body's intricate network of arteries ensures that every organ system receives the necessary oxygen and nutrients for optimal function. The arterial network in the head and neck region is particularly complex, providing vital blood flow to the brain, eyes, and other critical structures. Prominent arteries in this region include the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries.
The internal carotid arteries supply blood to the anterior portion of the cerebrum. They enter the...
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Veins of Head and Neck01:19

Veins of Head and Neck

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The blood drainage from the head and neck is primarily managed by three pairs of veins: the external jugular, internal jugular, and vertebral veins. The external jugular veins drain superficial scalp and face structures, passing over the sternocleidomastoid muscles to empty into the subclavian veins.
On the other hand, the vertebral veins, unlike their arterial counterparts, are not primarily responsible for brain drainage. Instead, they drain the cervical vertebrae, spinal cord, and some small...
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Mechanical Ventilation I: Indication and Settings01:29

Mechanical Ventilation I: Indication and Settings

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Mechanical ventilation is a life-saving technique for managing acute respiratory failure and other respiratory complications. The process involves using a machine known as a ventilator to supply oxygen to the lungs and assist in removing carbon dioxide. It serves as a bridge to long-term mechanical ventilation or a temporary measure until ventilatory support is discontinued. The ventilator can maintain this function for a prolonged period, providing critical support for patients until they can...
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Respiratory Assessment: Purpose and Indications01:19

Respiratory Assessment: Purpose and Indications

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Respiratory assessment is a cornerstone of nursing assessments, crucial for the early detection of patient deterioration. This evaluation transcends routine procedures, representing a critical skill nurses must master to ensure optimal patient care.
Objectives and Importance:
The primary goal of respiratory assessment is to evaluate patients at early risk of clinical deterioration. Since respiratory distress often precedes other signs of declining health, breathing patterns and sounds become a...
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Dissection of Local Ca2+ Signals in Cultured Cells by Membrane-targeted Ca2+ Indicators
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Indications for radiotherapy after neck dissection.

Primož Strojan1, Alfio Ferlito, Johannes A Langendijk

  • 1Department of Radiation Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Ljubljana, Slovenia.

Head & Neck
|December 14, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Defining low-risk neck disease in head and neck cancer is crucial. This review evaluates criteria, like positive lymph node count, to determine if adjuvant radiotherapy is necessary after surgery.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Head and Neck Surgery
  • Radiation Oncology

Background:

  • Up-front surgery followed by postoperative radiotherapy is standard for advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
  • Treatment intensification with chemotherapy during radiotherapy is used for high-risk features.
  • The criteria for low-risk neck disease requiring less intensive adjuvant therapy remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define low-risk characteristics of neck disease in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
  • To establish criteria for omitting postoperative radiotherapy in specific clinical scenarios.
  • To evaluate the role of positive lymph node count as a cutoff for adjuvant irradiation.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review of existing studies.
  • Analysis of evidence regarding the value of postoperative radiotherapy.
  • Evaluation of positive lymph node count in relation to primary tumor characteristics and neck dissection type.

Main Results:

  • The current literature lacks clear demarcation for low-risk neck disease.
  • Positive lymph node count is a key factor, but its optimal cutoff requires further definition.
  • Primary tumor characteristics and neck dissection type influence the need for adjuvant radiotherapy.

Conclusions:

  • Further research is needed to establish definitive criteria for adjuvant radiotherapy in head and neck cancer.
  • A nuanced approach considering multiple factors is necessary to tailor postoperative treatment.
  • Clarifying low-risk neck disease can help optimize treatment de-escalation strategies.