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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

Resting-State Connectivity and Neuroimaging of Prefrontal Cortex Activity During a Block-Design Yoga Asana Practice Using fNIRS

Resting-State Connectivity and Neuroimaging of Prefrontal Cortex Activity During a Block-Design Yoga Asana Practice Using fNIRS

Published on: June 24, 2025

Is there more to yoga than exercise?

J Andy Smith¹, Tammy Greer, Timothy Sheets

¹The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, USA.

Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine

|December 15, 2011

Summary

Integrated yoga, including ethical and spiritual elements, offers greater benefits than yoga as exercise alone. Both practices reduce depression and stress, but integrated yoga uniquely lowers anxiety and cortisol levels.

Area of Science:

Mind-Body Medicine
Psychophysiology
Behavioral Health

Background:

Yoga's rising popularity in the US, with 15 million practitioners, highlights a need for research on its holistic benefits.
Limited empirical data exists on the comprehensive advantages of yoga beyond physical exercise.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare the physical and mental health benefits of integrated yoga (including ethical/spiritual components) versus yoga as exercise.
To investigate the impact of different yoga approaches on depression, anxiety, stress, hope, and salivary cortisol.

Main Methods:

A randomized controlled trial involving 81 undergraduate students with mild to moderate depression, anxiety, or stress.
Participants were assigned to integrated yoga, yoga as exercise, or a control group.

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Resting-State Connectivity and Neuroimaging of Prefrontal Cortex Activity During a Block-Design Yoga Asana Practice Using fNIRS

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Effects of Mindfulness Training Combined with Tai Chi in Patients with Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy

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Key outcome measures included depression, anxiety, stress, hope, and salivary cortisol levels.

Main Results:

Both integrated yoga and yoga as exercise groups showed reduced depression, stress, and increased hopefulness and flexibility compared to controls.
Only the integrated yoga group demonstrated significant reductions in anxiety symptoms and salivary cortisol.
These findings suggest differential effects of yoga practices on psychological and physiological stress markers.

Conclusions:

Integrated yoga, encompassing ethical and spiritual dimensions, may yield additional mental and physiological benefits compared to yoga practiced solely as exercise.
The findings support the potential of a holistic approach to yoga for enhancing overall well-being and stress management.