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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test01:22

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test

In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess the...
Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not related to...
Acute Pancreatitis II: Clinical Manifestations and Management01:30

Acute Pancreatitis II: Clinical Manifestations and Management

Acute pancreatitis presents a complex medical emergency characterized by rapid onset inflammation of the pancreas, demanding timely diagnosis and management to prevent complications. The condition primarily manifests through severe upper abdominal pain that often radiates to the back. This pain intensifies following the consumption of fatty foods. Accompanying symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal distention, fever, dyspnea, cyanosis, and jaundice can vary in intensity but significantly...
Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management01:28

Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management

Esophageal varices often manifest as gastrointestinal bleeding episodes, presenting symptoms like hematemesis (vomiting of blood), hematochezia (passing fresh blood via the rectum), and melena (black, tarry stools). Other signs can include weight loss, anorexia, abdominal discomfort, jaundice, pruritus, altered mental status, and muscle cramps.
In the initial assessment, a thorough review of the patient's medical history is vital to identify risk factors such as liver disease, alcohol abuse, or...

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ReLink strategy in diagnosed-but-untreated hepatitis C-positive patients in Germany: report from a single center.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA
04:11

Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA

Published on: December 15, 2023

[Hepatitis B in clinical practice].

Jörg Petersen1

  • 1Leberzentrum Hamburg, IFI Institut für Interdisziplinäre Medizin an der Asklepios Klinik St Georg, Hamburg. petersen@ifi-medizin.de

Medizinische Monatsschrift Fur Pharmazeuten
|December 15, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chronic hepatitis B infection affects 500,000 people in Germany, with many undiagnosed or untreated. Effective management of this liver disease requires adherence to national and international guidelines and expert hepatologist care.

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Last Updated: May 26, 2026

Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA
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Modeling Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Non-Hepatic 293T-NE-3NRs Cells
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Analysis of HBV-Specific CD4 T-cell Responses and Identification of HLA-DR-Restricted CD4 T-Cell Epitopes Based on a Peptide Matrix
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Analysis of HBV-Specific CD4 T-cell Responses and Identification of HLA-DR-Restricted CD4 T-Cell Epitopes Based on a Peptide Matrix

Published on: October 20, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Virology
  • Public Health

Context:

  • Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection impacts approximately 500,000 individuals in Germany.
  • A significant portion of chronically infected individuals remain undiagnosed or inadequately treated, posing a substantial public health challenge.
  • Patients with chronic HBV are at elevated risk for severe liver conditions, including fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma.

Purpose:

  • To delineate the recommendations from national German and European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) clinical practice guidelines for managing chronic hepatitis B.
  • To highlight the importance of these guidelines in the clinical management of patients with chronic hepatitis B.
  • To underscore the complexity and specialized care required for managing chronic hepatitis B.

Summary:

  • The abstract outlines the prevalence of chronic hepatitis B in Germany and the associated risks of liver disease progression.
  • It references the development and updates of national German guidelines (2007, 2011) and the EASL guideline (2009) for hepatitis B management.
  • Key recommendations from these guidelines are presented, emphasizing the need for experienced hepatologists.

Impact:

  • Provides a framework for healthcare professionals in Germany to manage chronic hepatitis B patients effectively.
  • Aims to improve diagnosis and treatment rates for chronic hepatitis B, potentially reducing long-term liver complications.
  • Stresses the critical role of specialized hepatological expertise in managing this complex viral infection and its sequelae.