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Related Concept Videos

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis01:30

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin, heparin),...
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Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum sickness, a systemic...
Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial exposure to a...
Hypersensitivities01:30

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
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Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...
Allergic Drug Reactions01:27

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Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing numerous...

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Basophil Activation Test for Allergy Diagnosis
07:22

Basophil Activation Test for Allergy Diagnosis

Published on: May 31, 2021

Urticaria and angioedema.

Amin Kanani1, Robert Schellenberg, Richard Warrington

  • 1Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology : Official Journal of the Canadian Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
|December 15, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Urticaria and angioedema management differs significantly based on cause. This review details diagnosis and treatment for hives with or without swelling, including rare hereditary and acquired angioedema.

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Area of Science:

  • Allergy and Immunology
  • Dermatology

Background:

  • Urticaria (hives) and angioedema (subcutaneous swelling) are common conditions, often classified as acute, chronic, or physical.
  • Second-generation antihistamines are the primary treatment for most urticaria cases.
  • Angioedema can occur independently of urticaria, with ACE inhibitor-induced and idiopathic forms being common, while hereditary angioedema (HAE) and acquired angioedema (AAE) are rarer but potentially life-threatening due to laryngeal involvement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the causes, diagnosis, and management of urticaria, with or without angioedema.
  • To outline the work-up and treatment strategies for isolated angioedema, differentiating them from angioedema associated with urticaria.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on urticaria and angioedema.
  • Discussion of diagnostic approaches for various angioedema types.
  • Summary of therapeutic strategies, including prophylactic and acute treatments for HAE and AAE.

Main Results:

  • Urticaria management primarily involves non-sedating H1-receptor antihistamines.
  • Isolated angioedema requires distinct diagnostic and management pathways compared to urticaria-associated angioedema.
  • HAE and AAE management includes trigger avoidance, prophylactic medications (androgens, tranexamic acid, C1 inhibitor), and acute attack treatments (C1 inhibitor, ecallantide, icatibant).

Conclusions:

  • Effective management of urticaria and angioedema hinges on accurate diagnosis of the underlying cause.
  • Distinct therapeutic approaches are necessary for urticaria with angioedema versus isolated angioedema.
  • Specialized treatments are crucial for managing rare but severe conditions like HAE and AAE to prevent potentially fatal complications.