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Related Concept Videos

Alterations in Muscle Tone ll01:12

Alterations in Muscle Tone ll

Alterations in muscle tone are common manifestations of neurological disorders and reflect dysfunction within different nervous system regions. Spasticity, paratonia, and dystonia represent distinct forms of hypertonia, each with unique mechanisms, clinical features, and diagnostic importance.CharacteristicsSpasticity happens from upper motor neuron lesions and is characterized by velocity-dependent resistance to passive movement. Clinical features include:Exaggerated deep tendon reflexesClonus...
Alterations in Muscle Tone lll01:11

Alterations in Muscle Tone lll

Rigidity and myotonia are distinct abnormalities of muscle tone that affect resistance and relaxation during movement. Although both involve altered muscle contraction, they arise from different neurological and muscular mechanisms.CharacteristicsRigidity is characterized by uniform resistance to passive movement across the entire range, independent of speed, affecting flexors and extensors equally. It may appear as lead-pipe rigidity (smooth, constant resistance) or cogwheel rigidity...
Parkinson Disease l: Introduction01:24

Parkinson Disease l: Introduction

Parkinson’s disease is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects movement. It is characterized by motor symptoms such as resting tremors, muscle rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and postural instability. Patients may notice hand tremors at rest, stiffness during movement, or a shuffling gait. In addition to motor features, non-motor symptoms include sleep disturbances, mood and behavioral changes, constipation, and cognitive impairment, all of which...
Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
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Genetic Lingo01:11

Genetic Lingo

Overview
Huntington Disease l: Introduction01:21

Huntington Disease l: Introduction

Huntington disease or HD is a progressive, fatal neurodegenerative disorder inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern.PathophysiologyIt is caused by expansion of the CAG trinucleotide repeat in the HTT gene on chromosome 4 (4p16.3), producing an abnormal huntingtin protein with an expanded polyglutamine tract. This misfolded protein disrupts cellular function, leading to neuronal death. Normal alleles have ≤26 repeats, 27–35 are intermediate (risk of expansion), 36–39 show reduced penetrance,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

Behavioral Characterization of Pentylenetetrazole-induced Seizures: Moving Beyond the Racine Scale
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Behavioral Characterization of Pentylenetetrazole-induced Seizures: Moving Beyond the Racine Scale

Published on: July 8, 2025

Essential tremor: phenotypes.

Hélio A G Teive1

  • 1Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil. hagteive@mps.com.br

Parkinsonism & Related Disorders
|December 15, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Essential tremor (ET) is evolving from a classical definition to encompass a broader spectrum of motor and non-motor symptoms. This essential tremor family of diseases includes diverse presentations beyond limb tremors.

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Movement Disorders

Background:

  • The classical definition of essential tremor (ET) from 1998 described it as a bilateral, symmetric postural or kinetic tremor of the hands and forearms.
  • Recent understanding recognizes ET as a heterogeneous disorder, often referred to as Essential Tremors, representing a family of diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To delineate the evolving definition of essential tremor.
  • To highlight the expansion of ET classification to include both motor and non-motor features.

Main Methods:

  • Review of the Movement Disorder Society Consensus Statement on Tremor (1998).
  • Analysis of current clinical understanding and classification of essential tremor.

Main Results:

  • Essential tremor (ET) is now understood to include a wider range of motor symptoms beyond limb tremor, such as head tremor, gait ataxia, and postural instability.

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Last Updated: May 26, 2026

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  • Non-motor symptoms, including cognitive deficits, psychiatric issues (anxiety, depression), and sensory abnormalities (olfactory deficits, hearing loss), are increasingly recognized in ET.

    • Conclusions:

    • Essential tremor (ET) is no longer viewed as a single entity but as a spectrum of disorders.
    • The classification of essential tremor has expanded to incorporate diverse motor and non-motor manifestations, reflecting a complex neurological condition.