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Related Concept Videos

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Disorders of Leukocytes01:27

Disorders of Leukocytes

Leukocyte disorders can lead to either leukopenia, characterized by an abnormally low leukocyte count, or leukocytosis, marked by a very high leukocyte number.
Leukopenia may result from bone marrow disorders, autoimmune diseases, and infectious diseases. For example, conditions such as multiple myeloma and aplastic anemia can impair the bone marrow's ability to produce adequate leukocytes. Similarly, autoimmune diseases like lupus and viral infections such as HIV can prompt the immune system...
Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
Rh Blood Group01:19

Rh Blood Group

The Rhesus (Rh) antigen is crucial in determining blood groups and ensuring compatibility during blood transfusions.
Blood Types02:20

Blood Types

Human blood is classified into different types based on the presence of antigens on the red blood cell's surface and antibodies in the plasma. Proper identification of blood type is essential for successful blood transfusion. The International Society of Blood Transfusion has identified 38 human blood types based on the surface antigens on the red blood cells. The most common types are ABO, Rh, and MNS blood types.
ABO blood group
ABO antigens are glycoproteins encoded by genes present on...

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Personalized Peptide Arrays for Detection of HLA Alloantibodies in Organ Transplantation
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Published on: September 6, 2017

Accommodation: does it apply to human leukocyte antigens?

Marlene L Rose1, Lori J West

  • 1National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, Harefield Hospital, London, United Kingdom. marlene.rose@mperial.ac.uk

Transplantation
|December 15, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Accommodation describes resistance to antibody-mediated rejection in organ transplants. Differences in immune responses to ABO and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antigens may influence this phenomenon, requiring further research.

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Area of Science:

  • Transplantation immunology
  • Immunogenetics

Background:

  • Endothelial cell resistance to antibody-mediated rejection is termed "accommodation" in ABO-incompatible kidney and xenograft transplantation.
  • Significant interest exists in achieving successful human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-incompatible allotransplantation and managing antibody-mediated rejection in HLA-sensitized patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the concept of "accommodation" in allotransplantation.
  • To investigate potential differences in immune responses to carbohydrate (ABO) versus protein (HLA) antigens.
  • To clarify the mechanisms underlying resistance and susceptibility to antibody-mediated graft injury.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual analysis of "accommodation" in transplantation literature.
  • Comparison of immune responses to ABO and HLA antigens.
  • Review of clinical scenarios involving donor-specific antibodies without graft damage.

Main Results:

  • The term "accommodation" is often used broadly to describe patients with donor-specific ABO or HLA antibodies but no graft damage.
  • Proposed differences in immune responses to protein (HLA) versus carbohydrate (ABO) antigens.
  • Current understanding of accommodation mechanisms and phenotypes is incomplete.

Conclusions:

  • Further research is crucial to fully define the mechanisms of accommodation.
  • Understanding these mechanisms will aid in predicting when allograft accommodation might occur.
  • Distinguishing responses to different antigen types is key to understanding transplant tolerance.