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Knee Joint

Knee Joint

The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris group...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

In Vivo Quantification of Hip Arthrokinematics during Dynamic Weight-bearing Activities using Dual Fluoroscopy

In Vivo Quantification of Hip Arthrokinematics during Dynamic Weight-bearing Activities using Dual Fluoroscopy

Published on: July 2, 2021

Comparison between different implementations of the 3D FLASH sequence for knee cartilage quantification.

Martin Hudelmaier¹, Christian Glaser, Christian Pfau

¹Institute of Anatomy and Musculoskeletal Research, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria. martin.hudelmaier@pmu.ac.at

Magma (New York, N.Y.)

|December 15, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Quantitative cartilage imaging using 3D FLASH sequences showed minor, non-significant differences between implementations. For longitudinal studies, maintaining consistent scanner and sequence is crucial to avoid measurement offsets.

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Area of Science:

Medical Imaging
Biomedical Engineering
Orthopedics

Background:

Quantitative cartilage imaging is essential for assessing joint health.
The 3D Fast Low Angle Shot (FLASH) sequence is widely used for this purpose.
Optimizing sequence parameters is key for accurate and efficient imaging.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare different implementations of the 3D FLASH sequence for quantitative cartilage imaging.
To evaluate the impact of sequence variations on measurement precision and accuracy.
To identify optimal parameters for reducing scan time without compromising data quality.

Main Methods:

Test-retest coronal FLASH sequences were acquired on 12 healthy participants using two 1.5 T MRI scanners.
Variations included FLASH VIBE, differing slice resolutions (75% vs. 100%), and pulse/echo settings.
Systematic differences and precision errors were analyzed across protocols.

Main Results:

FLASH sequence implementations showed systematic differences up to 3.3%, which were not statistically significant.
Precision errors were comparable across protocols, with FLASH VIBE at 100% slice resolution showing the smallest (0.6-6.7%).
Significant differences (P < 0.01) in medial tibia cartilage volume and thickness (6.2% and 5.9%) were observed between scanners.

Conclusions:

Slice resolution can be reduced to 75% and asymmetric echo allowed in validated FLASH sequences to shorten acquisition time without sacrificing precision.
Scanner and specific sequence implementation must remain constant in longitudinal studies to prevent systematic measurement offsets.