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Related Concept Videos

Epilepsy ll: Types01:22

Epilepsy ll: Types

Recurrent seizures, stemming from abnormal electrical activity in the brain, are the defining characteristic of epilepsy, a chronic neurological condition. Because seizure features vary greatly, epilepsy is classified using two systems: by seizure type and by epilepsy syndromes. These classifications enable clinicians to describe seizure patterns and select suitable treatment strategies.I. Classification by Seizure Type1. Focal EpilepsyFocal epilepsy begins in one hemisphere of the brain.
Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
Seizures l: Introduction01:20

Seizures l: Introduction

Understanding seizures and epilepsy relies on key definitions that help in recognizing, classifying, and managing these disorders. These definitions provide a framework for recognizing, classifying, and managing seizure disorders.DefinitionsA seizure is a sudden, abnormal burst of electrical activity in the brain that can cause changes in awareness, movement, sensation, or behavior, depending on the area involved. Epilepsy is a chronic condition characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures,...
Seizures ll: Types01:19

Seizures ll: Types

Seizures are sudden bursts of abnormal electrical discharge in the brain that interfere with normal function. They are commonly divided into three groups: focal seizures, generalized seizures, and other types that do not fit neatly into either category.Focal SeizuresFocal seizures begin in a single brain region. When awareness is preserved, they are called focal aware seizures and may cause sensations such as tingling, unusual smells, or flashing lights. When awareness is impaired, they are...
Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators01:18

Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators

γ-aminobutyric acid or GABA, plays a pivotal role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA pathway potentiators, also known as GABAergic drugs, are a class of pharmaceutical agents designed to enhance the functioning of the GABAergic system. These medications primarily treat epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
The key GABA pathway potentiators used in epilepsy management are as follows.
Benzodiazepines are a well-known class of drugs used for their...

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Interictal High Frequency Oscillations Detected with Simultaneous Magnetoencephalography and Electroencephalography as Biomarker of Pediatric Epilepsy
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Epilepsy in horses: aetiological classification and predictive factors.

V A Lacombe1, M Mayes, S Mosseri

  • 1Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA. lacombe.2@osu.edu

Equine Veterinary Journal
|December 16, 2011
PubMed
Summary

This study classifies equine seizures, finding most epilepsy cases are symptomatic or cryptogenic. These findings aid in diagnosing epilepsy in horses.

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Neurology
  • Equine Medicine
  • Epileptology

Background:

  • A systematic classification of seizures in horses is currently lacking.
  • This contrasts with existing reports in human and small animal medicine.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To classify equine seizures based on their aetiology.
  • To characterize epilepsy in a cohort of 104 horses presented for seizures.
  • To establish predictive factors for epilepsy diagnosis in horses.

Main Methods:

  • A retrospective observational study design was employed.
  • Seizures were classified by aetiology using history, clinical data, diagnostic imaging (EEG, CSF, CT), and post-mortem examinations.
  • Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed.

Main Results:

  • Epilepsy (≥2 recurrent seizures) was identified in 70% of cases.
  • Epilepsy was further classified as symptomatic (35.6%), cryptogenic (54.8%), and idiopathic (2.7%).
  • Normal neurological exams, unprovoked seizures, and epileptiform activity on EEG correlated with epilepsy; generalized seizures had lower odds of epilepsy compared to partial seizures.

Conclusions:

  • Symptomatic and cryptogenic seizures were the most common aetiologies in horses.
  • Reactive seizures and idiopathic epilepsy were less frequent.
  • This classification and characterization of equine epilepsy provide insights into predictive factors, aiding early diagnosis.