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Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature01:16

Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature

The vertebral column or spine is a flexible column that supports the head, neck, and body and  allows for their movements. It also protects the spinal cord.
Regions of the Vertebral Column
In an adult, the spine is subdivided into five regions: the cervical, the thoracic, the lumbar, the sacral, and the coccygeal region. The spine initially develops as a series of 33 vertebrae; after 20 years of age, the nine bones in the sacral region, five sacral, and four coccygeal bones fuse to form the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

Evaluation of Patients' Posture and Gait Profile After Lumbar Fusion Surgery by Video Rasterstereography and Treadmill Gait Analysis
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A methodology for quantifying seated lumbar curvatures.

Samuel T Leitkam1, Tamara Reid Bush, Mingfei Li

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1226, USA. leitkams@msu.edu

Journal of Biomechanical Engineering
|December 16, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a new method to measure lumbar curvature in seated individuals using anterior body landmarks. This allows for better assessment of spinal articulation and seating design for improved posture support.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Ergonomics
  • Human-Computer Interaction

Background:

  • Understanding seated posture and spinal articulation is crucial for designing supportive seating.
  • Existing methods lack the ability to quantify lumbar curvature in unmodified, commercial seats.
  • A non-invasive method is needed to assess spinal behavior in everyday seating environments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a methodology for quantifying lumbar curvature using anterior body landmarks in seated individuals.
  • To establish the relationship between anterior bony landmark positions and posterior lumbar curvature.
  • To enable the evaluation of spinal articulation in standard seating.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized anterior bony landmarks to quantify relative ribcage and pelvis positions.
  • Simultaneously measured posterior lumbar curvature.
  • Employed linear and second-order regression analyses, including leave-one-out cross-validation, to assess predictive capacity.

Main Results:

  • A significant relationship was found between anterior measures and lumbar curvature, with linear regression being superior.
  • Linear and second-order regressions approximated the relationships with high coefficients of determination (r² = 0.829, 0.935).
  • Average prediction errors varied by posture, with maximum kyphosis having the lowest error (5.9°) and maximum lordosis the highest (22.2°).

Conclusions:

  • Predictions of lumbar curvature in seated postures are feasible using motion capture and anterior measurements.
  • This method holds potential for assessing seated spinal curvatures and informing ergonomic seating design.
  • Further research incorporating additional inputs is needed for improved prediction accuracy, particularly for increased lordotic postures.