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Related Concept Videos

Conjugated Proteins02:50

Conjugated Proteins

Simple proteins and protein complexes contain only amino acids. In contrast, many other proteins, called conjugated proteins, covalently bond with non-protein moieties.
Nucleoproteins are protein complexes that contain nucleic acids, categorized as deoxyribonucleoproteins (DNPs) or ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) respectively. The nucleosome is a typical example of a DNP where nuclear DNA is associated with histone proteins. The major antigen for the Covid-19 virus SARS-CoV is an RNP that is critical...
Complexation Equilibria: Factors Influencing Stability of Complexes01:09

Complexation Equilibria: Factors Influencing Stability of Complexes

In complexation reactions, metal cations are the electron pair acceptors, and the ligands are the electron pair donors. The stability of the metal complexes depends primarily on the complexing ability of the central metal ion and the nature of the ligands. Generally, the complexing ability of the metal ion depends on the size and charge of the ion. As the metal ion size increases, the stability of the metal complexes decreases, provided that the valency of the metal ion and the ligands remain...
Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect01:19

Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect

In complexation reactions, metal atoms or cations interact with ligands to form donor-acceptor adducts called metal complexes. Ligands that bind through one donor site are monodentate, ligands with two donor sites are bidentate, and those with more than two donor sites are polydentate ligands. For example, ethylene diamine is a bidentate ligand that binds through two nitrogen donor atoms, forming a five-membered ring. EDTA is a polydentate ligand that binds through four oxygen and two nitrogen...
Bioavailability Enhancement: Drug Stability Enhancement and GI Retention01:05

Bioavailability Enhancement: Drug Stability Enhancement and GI Retention

Improving a drug's stability in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is paramount for enhancing its bioavailability and therapeutic effectiveness. Various strategies are employed to protect the drug from the harsh gastric milieu and to ensure its release and absorption at the desired site within the GI tract.Polymer coatings are one such method used to shield drugs from the stomach's acidic environment. By preventing premature drug release, these coatings improve the bioavailability of unstable...
Complexometric Titration: Ligands00:43

Complexometric Titration: Ligands

Different monodentate and polydentate ligands are used as complexing agents in complexometric titration reactions. The formation of complexes by mono- and bidentate ligands involves two or more intermediate steps, limiting their use as complexing agents. In comparison, polydentate ligands can form complexes with metal ions in a single-step process, facilitating sharper end points. This means polydentate ligands, such as amino carboxylic acid derivatives, are most commonly employed in...
Ion Exchange01:17

Ion Exchange

Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or basic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

Synthesis and Bioconjugation of Thiol-Reactive Reagents for the Creation of Site-Selectively Modified Immunoconjugates
08:47

Synthesis and Bioconjugation of Thiol-Reactive Reagents for the Creation of Site-Selectively Modified Immunoconjugates

Published on: March 6, 2019

Poly(zwitterionic)protein conjugates offer increased stability without sacrificing binding affinity or bioactivity.

Andrew J Keefe1, Shaoyi Jiang

  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, WA 98195, USA.

Nature Chemistry
|December 16, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Zwitterionic polymers like poly(carboxybetaine) enhance therapeutic protein stability and binding affinity, unlike PEGylation. This novel approach improves protein drug development by balancing stability and bioactivity.

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Last Updated: May 26, 2026

Synthesis and Bioconjugation of Thiol-Reactive Reagents for the Creation of Site-Selectively Modified Immunoconjugates
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Synthesis of Protein Bioconjugates via Cysteine-maleimide Chemistry
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Synthesis of Protein Bioconjugates via Cysteine-maleimide Chemistry

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Genetic Encoding of a Non-Canonical Amino Acid for the Generation of Antibody-Drug Conjugates Through a Fast Bioorthogonal Reaction
11:02

Genetic Encoding of a Non-Canonical Amino Acid for the Generation of Antibody-Drug Conjugates Through a Fast Bioorthogonal Reaction

Published on: September 14, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Drug Development

Background:

  • Therapeutic proteins offer promising treatments for diseases but suffer from instability in vivo.
  • Current stabilization methods like PEGylation often reduce protein bioactivity.
  • A need exists for protein modification techniques that enhance stability without compromising efficacy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the use of zwitterionic polymers, specifically poly(carboxybetaine), for protein conjugation.
  • To evaluate the impact of poly(carboxybetaine) conjugation on protein stability and bioactivity.
  • To compare the efficacy of poly(carboxybetaine) with traditional PEGylation for protein therapeutics.

Main Methods:

  • Conjugation of therapeutic proteins with poly(carboxybetaine).
  • Assessment of protein stability under physiological conditions.
  • Measurement of protein binding affinity and bioactivity post-conjugation.
  • Comparative analysis with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) conjugates.

Main Results:

  • Poly(carboxybetaine) conjugation significantly improved protein stability, comparable to PEGylation.
  • Unlike PEGylation, poly(carboxybetaine) conjugates maintained or enhanced protein binding affinity.
  • Enhanced protein-substrate hydrophobic interactions were observed with poly(carboxybetaine) conjugates.

Conclusions:

  • Zwitterionic polymer conjugation offers a superior alternative to PEGylation for developing protein therapeutics.
  • This novel chemistry allows for improved protein stability and bioactivity, overcoming the traditional compromise.
  • Poly(carboxybetaine) conjugation represents a promising new strategy for enhancing the efficacy of protein-based drugs.