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Updated: May 26, 2026
An In Vitro Approach to Study Mitochondrial Dysfunction: A Cybrid Model
Published on: March 9, 2022
Molecular analysis of mitochondrial compromise in rodent cardiomyocytes exposed long term to nucleoside reverse
Yongmin Liu1, Phuonggiang Nguyen, Tara Z Baris
1Carcinogen-DNA Interactions Section, Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, CCR, National Cancer Institute, Bldg 37 Rm 4032, NIH, 37 Convent Drive, MSC-4255, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255, USA. yongminl@mail.nih.gov
Abstract:
Despite the highly effective impact of NRTI therapy in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), long-term treatment has revealed cardiotoxicity, considered to be due to mitochondrial dysfunction. To evaluate mitochondrial damage, and design therapeutic interventions, we established cultures of rat H9c2 and mouse HL-1 cardiomyocytes and exposed them to the NRTIs zidovudine (AZT), and AZT plus didanosine (ddI). Proliferation assays showed that H9c2 cells grew well in 50 μM AZT and 50 μM AZT/50 μM ddI and that HL-1 cells grew well in 10 μM AZT and 10 μM AZT/10 μM ddI. Both types of cells were exposed to the drugs for 39 passages (P), and mitochondrial integrity in the form of oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) was examined by Seahorse XF24 analyzer. In NRTI-exposed H9c2 cells at most passages, OCR was reduced, in both the basal and uncoupled states, compared to unexposed controls (P < 0.05). NRTI-exposed HL-1 cells showed a different pattern of mitochondrial compromise, with inhibition of OCR, in basal and uncoupled cells, occurring largely before P14 and after P17 (P < 0.05). The ECAR response in uncoupled cells of both types was unchanged at early passages, but increased after P18 (P < 0.05). Evaluation of mitochondrial biogenesis in H9c2 cells revealed reduction before P29, no change at P29, and reduction at P39 in NRTI-exposed cells, compared to unexposed cells (P < 0.05). Western blotting of transcription factors critical for mitochondrial biogenesis, PGC-1α, Nrf-1 and mtTFA, showed downregulation in NRTI-exposed H9c2 cells compared to unexposed controls. In addition, electron microscopy (EM) revealed increasing mitochondrial morphological damage in H9c2 cells over passages. For both cell types, AZT/ddI was more damaging than AZT alone. These studies demonstrate progressive mitochondrial compromise in cardiomyocytes-exposed long term, and the model will be used to evaluate potentially protective intervention strategies.
