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Related Concept Videos

Normal and Shear Force01:14

Normal and Shear Force

When a beam is subjected to different loads, such as weight, pressure, or other external forces, internal forces are generated within the beam. These forces can have a significant impact on the overall stability and strength of the structure. Engineers use various methods to analyze and determine the magnitude and direction of these internal forces. One common technique used to determine internal forces in beams is the method of sections. This method involves considering an imaginary point or...
Shear Diagram01:27

Shear Diagram

In the study of beam mechanics, shear diagrams play a crucial role in understanding the distribution of shear forces along the length of a beam. Consider a beam AB that is supported at both ends and subjected to perpendicular loads.
First, a free-body diagram of the beam is drawn, representing all the external forces and internal reactions acting on the beam. One can calculate the reaction forces at each support by employing the equilibrium equations of force and moment. The vertical component...
Shearing Stress01:18

Shearing Stress

Shearing stress, denoted by the Greek letter tau (τ), is stress caused by forces acting transversely on an object. These forces create internal ones within the entity in the plane where the external forces are applied. The resultant of these internal forces is the shear in the section.
The average shearing stress can be calculated by dividing the shear by the area of the cross-section.
Shearing Strain01:20

Shearing Strain

The shearing strain represents a cubic element's angular change when subjected to shearing stress. This type of stress can transform a cube into an oblique parallelepiped without influencing normal strains. The cubic element experiences a significant transformation when exposed solely to shearing stress. Its shape alters from a perfect cube into a rhomboid, clearly demonstrating the effect of shearing strain. The degree of this strain is considered positive if it reduces the angle between the...
Singularity Functions for Shear01:26

Singularity Functions for Shear

In structural analysis, singularity functions are crucial in simplifying the representation of shear forces in beams under discontinuous loading. These functions describe discontinuous variations in shear force across a beam with varying loads by using a single mathematical expression, regardless of the complexity of the loading conditions. The singularity functions are derived from creating a free-body diagram of the beam and then making conceptual cuts at specific points to examine the shear...
Shear on the Horizontal Face of a Beam Element01:16

Shear on the Horizontal Face of a Beam Element

To understand shear on the flat side of a prismatic beam element, consider the vertical and horizontal shearing forces, and the normal forces, acting on the element. The element's upper (U) and lower (L) sections, which are divided by the beam's neutral axis, are examined. The equilibrium of these forces is determined by applying the equilibrium equation, which helps identify the horizontal shearing force. This force is directly related to the bending moments and the cross-section's first...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Measuring Material Microstructure Under Flow Using 1-2 Plane Flow-Small Angle Neutron Scattering
09:08

Measuring Material Microstructure Under Flow Using 1-2 Plane Flow-Small Angle Neutron Scattering

Published on: February 6, 2014

Jamming by shear.

Dapeng Bi1, Jie Zhang, Bulbul Chakraborty

  • 1Martin Fisher School of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, USA.

Nature
|December 16, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Shear stress can jam frictional grains at lower densities than previously thought, creating unique fragile and robust states. These transitions depend on force-bearing grains, not density.

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Ensemble Force Spectroscopy by Shear Forces
07:30

Ensemble Force Spectroscopy by Shear Forces

Published on: July 26, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 10, 2026

Measuring Material Microstructure Under Flow Using 1-2 Plane Flow-Small Angle Neutron Scattering
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Published on: February 6, 2014

A Uniform Shear Assay for Human Platelet and Cell Surface Receptors via Cone-plate Viscometry
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A Uniform Shear Assay for Human Platelet and Cell Surface Receptors via Cone-plate Viscometry

Published on: June 5, 2019

Ensemble Force Spectroscopy by Shear Forces
07:30

Ensemble Force Spectroscopy by Shear Forces

Published on: July 26, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Soft Matter Physics

Background:

  • Disordered materials like foams and granular systems form jammed states, resisting deformation.
  • The Liu-Nagel jamming concept posits a critical density for athermal systems.
  • The jamming transition for frictional grains remains less understood experimentally.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate jamming in frictional grains under shear stress.
  • Explore jamming at densities below the isotropic jamming critical value.
  • Characterize the phenomenology of shear-induced jammed states.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental study of frictional, disk-shaped grains.
  • Application of controlled shear stress.
  • Analysis of force networks and grain fractions.

Main Results:

  • Shear stress induces jamming at densities below the critical value for isotropic jamming.
  • Two types of shear-jammed states emerge: fragile and robust.
  • Transitions are governed by the fraction of force-bearing grains, independent of density.
  • Shear-jammed states exhibit anisotropic fabric, with anisotropy vanishing near the critical density.

Conclusions:

  • Frictional grain jamming is achievable via shear stress below the critical density.
  • Shear-jammed states display distinct properties from isotropic jammed states.
  • The fraction of force-bearing grains is a key parameter controlling jamming transitions.