Periodic organization of a major subtype of pyramidal neurons in neocortical layer V

A major question in neocortical research is the extent to which neuronal organization is stereotyped. Previous studies have revealed functional clustering and neuronal interactions among cortical neurons located within tens of micrometers in the tangential orientation (orientation parallel to the pial surface). In the tangential orientation at this scale, however, it is unknown whether the distribution of neuronal subtypes is random or has any stereotypy. We found that the tangential arrangement of subcerebral projection neurons, which are a major pyramidal neuron subtype in mouse layer V, was not random but significantly periodic. This periodicity, which was observed in multiple cortical areas, had a typical wavelength of 30 μm. Under specific visual stimulation, neurons in single repeating units exhibited strongly correlated c-Fos expression. Therefore, subcerebral projection neurons have a periodic arrangement, and neuronal activity leading to c-Fos expression is similar among neurons in the same repeating units. These results suggest that the neocortex has a periodic functional micro-organization composed of a major neuronal subtype in layer V.