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Cultural Influences on Personality

Individualist and collectivist cultures emphasize different core values, shaping personality in distinct ways. In individualist cultures, such as those in the United States, England, and Australia, people prioritize independence, competition, and personal achievement. These societies tend to promote self-focused traits, with individuals often reporting higher levels of self-esteem. In contrast, collectivist cultures, commonly found in regions like Asia, Africa, and South America, emphasize...
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According to Charles Cooley, we base our image on what we think other people see (Cooley 1902). We imagine how we must appear to others, then react to this speculation. We don certain clothes, prepare our hair in a particular manner, wear makeup, use cologne, and the like—all with the notion that our presentation of ourselves is going to affect how others perceive us. We expect a certain reaction, and, if lucky, we get the one we desire and feel good about it. But more than that, Cooley...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses
06:42

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses

Published on: September 28, 2018

Agentic and communal values: their scope and measurement.

Paul D Trapnell1, Delroy L Paulhus

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3B 2E9, Canada. p.trapnell@uwinnipeg.ca

Journal of Personality Assessment
|December 20, 2011
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a new questionnaire to measure agency and communion values, crucial for understanding self-advancement and relationships. The developed ACV instrument demonstrates reliable measurement of these core human values.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 26, 2026

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses
06:42

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses

Published on: September 28, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Social Psychology
  • Personality Psychology

Background:

  • Agency and communion are fundamental meta-concepts in social and personality psychology.
  • Existing research highlights their utility but lacks direct measures of global values.
  • A need exists for a psychometrically sound instrument to assess these core value dimensions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a questionnaire measuring global agency and communion values.
  • To provide a direct measure for assessing these superordinate value dimensions.
  • To examine the psychometric properties and construct validity of the new instrument.

Main Methods:

  • Structural analyses of four diverse datasets containing value or life goal inventories.
  • Development of the 24-item Agency and Communion Values (ACV) questionnaire.
  • Validation studies assessing the ACV within a nomological network of related constructs.

Main Results:

  • Four datasets consistently revealed higher-order agency and communion dimensions.
  • The ACV questionnaire demonstrated good psychometric properties.
  • The ACV measures showed expected relationships with interpersonal traits, biases, ideology, gender, socio-sexuality, and religious attitudes.

Conclusions:

  • The ACV is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring global agency and communion values.
  • This measure facilitates further research into the role of these values in various psychological domains.
  • The ACV has potential applications in research and practice for understanding individual differences.