Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives01:37

NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives

Simple unsubstituted benzene has six aromatic protons, all chemically equivalent. Therefore, benzene exhibits only a singlet peak at δ 7.3 ppm in the 1H NMR spectrum. The observed shift is far downfield because the aromatic ring current strongly deshields the protons. Any substitution on the benzene ring makes the aromatic protons nonequivalent, and the protons split each other. The peak is, therefore, no longer a singlet and the splitting pattern and their associated coupling constants depend...
Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds with a Single Substituent01:23

Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds with a Single Substituent

Benzene is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon or arene. The IUPAC names for simple monosubstituted benzene derivatives are derived by adding the substituent's name as a prefix to the parent benzene. For example, halobenzene, where the halogen could be fluoro (F), chloro (Cl), bromo (Br), and iodo (I).
Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds with Multiple Substituents01:11

Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds with Multiple Substituents

When more than one substituent is present on the benzene ring, the IUPAC nomenclature depends on the number of substituents present.
For disubstituted benzene derivatives, with two groups attached to the benzene ring, three constitutional isomers are possible. For example, consider dimethyl benzene, often called xylene, where the second methyl group can be substituted at the second, third, or fourth carbon. The relative position of the substituents is represented by prefixes ortho, meta, or...
¹H NMR Signal Integration: Overview00:58

¹H NMR Signal Integration: Overview

The intensity of a signal, which can be represented by the area under the peak, depends on the number of protons contributing to that signal. The area under each peak is shown as a vertical line called an integral, with the integral value listed under it, as seen in the proton NMR spectrum of benzyl acetate. Each integral value is divided by the smallest integral value to obtain the ratio of the number of protons producing each signal. The ratio reveals the relative number of protons and not...
Structure of Benzene: Molecular Orbital Model01:18

Structure of Benzene: Molecular Orbital Model

According to the molecular orbital (MO) model, benzene has a planar structure with a regular hexagon of six sp2 hybridized carbons. As shown in Figure 1, each carbon is bonded to three other atoms with C–C–C and H–C–C bond angles of 120°. The C–H bond length is 109 pm, and the C–C bond length is 139 pm which is midway between the single bond length of sp3 hybridized carbons (154 pm) and sp2 hybridized carbons (133 pm).
Structure of Benzene: Kekulé Model01:07

Structure of Benzene: Kekulé Model

In 1865, August Kekule suggested the structure of benzene according to the structural theory of organic chemistry based on the three assertions—formula of benzene is C6H6, all the hydrogens of benzene are equivalent, and each carbon must have four bonds due to its tetravalency.
He proposed that benzene has a cyclic structure of six carbon atoms attached to one hydrogen atom each, with three alternating pi bonds.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Biomonitoring Equivalents for select neonicotinoids.

Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP·2026
Same author

Evaluation of the modes of action for key noncancer effects of 1,3-Butadiene: input from an independent expert panel to support derivation of data-derived extrapolation factors.

Critical reviews in toxicology·2026
Same author

Biomonitoring Equivalents for interpreting mandelic and phenylglyoxylic acid in urine resulting from exposures to styrene and ethylbenzene.

Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP·2026
Same author

The Creation of a Weight of Evidence Scoring Database for Risk Factors for Adverse Impacts to Birth Outcomes Using Expert Elicitation.

Birth defects research·2026
Same author

Improving the design of epidemiology studies that use biomonitoring for exposure assessment: a SciPinion panel recommendation.

BMC medical research methodology·2026
Same author

Comment on: "Microplastic presence in dog and human testis and its potential association with sperm count and weights of testis and epididymis".

Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

Chromosomics: Detection of Numerical and Structural Alterations in All 24 Human Chromosomes Simultaneously Using a Novel OctoChrome FISH Assay
06:25

Chromosomics: Detection of Numerical and Structural Alterations in All 24 Human Chromosomes Simultaneously Using a Novel OctoChrome FISH Assay

Published on: February 6, 2012

Biomonitoring Equivalents for benzene.

Sean M Hays1, David W Pyatt, Chris R Kirman

  • 1Summit Toxicology, L.L.P., Allenspark, CO, USA. shays@summittoxicology.com

Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology : RTP
|December 20, 2011
PubMed
Summary

This study establishes Biomonitoring Equivalents (BEs) for benzene, translating health-based guidelines into blood and urine concentrations. These BEs serve as screening tools for assessing population exposure to benzene.

More Related Videos

Ecotoxicological Methodologies to Evaluate Biomarkers at Different Scales in Neotropical Anurans
08:14

Ecotoxicological Methodologies to Evaluate Biomarkers at Different Scales in Neotropical Anurans

Published on: April 28, 2023

High Content Screening Analysis to Evaluate the Toxicological Effects of Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents (HPHC)
11:38

High Content Screening Analysis to Evaluate the Toxicological Effects of Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents (HPHC)

Published on: May 10, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 26, 2026

Chromosomics: Detection of Numerical and Structural Alterations in All 24 Human Chromosomes Simultaneously Using a Novel OctoChrome FISH Assay
06:25

Chromosomics: Detection of Numerical and Structural Alterations in All 24 Human Chromosomes Simultaneously Using a Novel OctoChrome FISH Assay

Published on: February 6, 2012

Ecotoxicological Methodologies to Evaluate Biomarkers at Different Scales in Neotropical Anurans
08:14

Ecotoxicological Methodologies to Evaluate Biomarkers at Different Scales in Neotropical Anurans

Published on: April 28, 2023

High Content Screening Analysis to Evaluate the Toxicological Effects of Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents (HPHC)
11:38

High Content Screening Analysis to Evaluate the Toxicological Effects of Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents (HPHC)

Published on: May 10, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Toxicology
  • Biomonitoring

Background:

  • Biomonitoring Equivalents (BEs) link chemical concentrations in biological samples to health-based exposure guidelines.
  • Existing risk assessments provide guidance for evaluating population exposure data.
  • Benzene exposure is a public health concern requiring effective biomonitoring tools.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To derive Biomonitoring Equivalents (BEs) for benzene in blood and urine.
  • To utilize existing health-based risk assessments from major regulatory agencies.
  • To establish screening values for population biomonitoring data of benzene.

Main Methods:

  • Reviewed risk assessments from US EPA, TCEQ, OEHHA, and ATSDR for benzene.
  • Employed physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models to translate exposure values to blood concentrations.
  • Correlated benzene levels in urine with those in blood to derive urine BEs.

Main Results:

  • Derived BE values for benzene in blood ranging from 0.04 to 1.29 μg/L.
  • No BE values were established for benzene metabolites or adducts.
  • BE values are dependent on the specific non-cancer risk assessment utilized.

Conclusions:

  • The derived BE values for benzene can serve as screening tools for population biomonitoring data.
  • These BEs aid in evaluating benzene exposure in the context of established risk assessments.
  • The findings can help prioritize future risk assessment efforts for benzene.