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Related Concept Videos

Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones01:29

Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones

Bones are dynamic organs that require a rich supply of oxygen and nutrients. Around 5% to 10% of the cardiac output supplies blood to the bones. A typical long bone has three main sources: the nutrient artery, the metaphyseal and epiphyseal arteries, and the periosteal arteries.
Nutrient Artery
The nutrient artery is the main blood vessel that enters the diaphysis via the nutrient foramen. While most long bones have only one nutrient foramen, large bones, such as the femur, may have two. This...
Bone Structure01:55

Bone Structure

Within the skeletal system, the structure of a bone, or osseous tissue, can be exemplified in a long bone, like the femur, where there are two types of osseous tissue: cortical and cancellous.
Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a short...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

Subject-specific Musculoskeletal Model for Studying Bone Strain During Dynamic Motion
09:32

Subject-specific Musculoskeletal Model for Studying Bone Strain During Dynamic Motion

Published on: April 11, 2018

[Bone and joint changes caused by exposure to local vibration].

V A Kir'iakov, A V Sukhova, L M Saarkoppel'

    Meditsina Truda I Promyshlennaia Ekologiia
    |December 21, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary

    Local vibration exposure in machinery construction workers can cause bone and joint disorders. Risk factors include vibration intensity, exposure duration, and individual work hardiness, with specific X-ray and lab markers identified.

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    Area of Science:

    • Occupational Medicine
    • Musculoskeletal Disorders
    • Biomarkers

    Background:

    • The classification of vibration disease has historically debated the inclusion of locomotory disorders.
    • Machinery construction workers are frequently exposed to local vibration, necessitating an understanding of associated health risks.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the relationship between local vibration exposure and the development of bone and joint disorders.
    • To identify risk factors contributing to these musculoskeletal changes.
    • To establish diagnostic criteria for vibration-induced bone and joint injuries.

    Main Methods:

    • Clinical assessment of workers exposed to local vibration.
    • Analysis of X-ray findings to identify bone and joint abnormalities.
    • Measurement of laboratory markers indicative of bone tissue injury.

    Main Results:

    • The risk of bone and joint changes is significantly influenced by the intensity and duration of local vibration exposure.
    • Individual work hardiness is a key factor modulating the risk of developing these disorders.
    • Specific X-ray criteria and laboratory markers for vibration-induced bone and joint disorders were identified.

    Conclusions:

    • Locomotory disorders should be considered a potential symptom of vibration disease caused by local vibration.
    • The identified risk factors and diagnostic markers aid in the early detection and management of vibration-induced musculoskeletal conditions.