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Related Concept Videos

Vesicular Tubular Clusters01:45

Vesicular Tubular Clusters

After budding out from the ER membrane, some COPII vesicles lose their coat and fuse with one another to form larger vesicles and interconnected tubules called vesicular tubular clusters or VTCs. These clusters constitute a compartment at the ER-Golgi interface known as ERGIC (Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Intermediate Compartment). The ERGIC is a mobile membrane-bound cargo transport system that sorts proteins secreted from ER and delivers them to the Golgi.
With the help of motor proteins such...
Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies01:38

Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies

Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
Introduction to Membrane Traffic01:44

Introduction to Membrane Traffic

The ER, Golgi apparatus, endosomes, and lysosomes work in tandem to modify, sort, and package proteins and lipids. An integrated membrane trafficking network facilitates the back and forth shuttling of molecules within different organelles in the same cell or across the cell membrane.
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Pinching-off of Coated Vesicles01:32

Pinching-off of Coated Vesicles

Vesicle budding is orchestrated by distinct cytosolic proteins such as adaptor proteins, coat proteins, and GTPases. To initiate vesicle budding, membrane-bending proteins containing crescent-shaped BAR domains bind to the lipid heads in the bilayer and distort the membrane to form a protein-coated vesicle bud. Adaptors proteins such as AP2 for clathrin-coated vesicles can nucleate on the deformed membrane. Finally, coat proteins such as clathrin or COPI and COPII assemble into a coat forming...
COP Coated Vesicles00:59

COP Coated Vesicles

Membrane-enclosed structures called vesicles transport proteins and lipids across the cell. The vesicles derive their cargo from the plasma membrane, Golgi, ER, or endosome. Coated vesicles are spherical, protein-coated carriers with a 50–100 nm diameter that mediate bidirectional transport between the ER and the Golgi. The distribution of proteins between the ER and Golgi complex is dynamic and is maintained by different coated vesicles. Their formation is driven by the assembly of different...
Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane01:26

Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane

Proteins and neurotransmitters in secretory vesicles can be released from a cell upon vesicle docking, priming, and fusion with the plasma membrane. Vesicles are docked and primed in preparation for the quick exocytosis of their contents in response to a stimulus. The fusion process is mainly carried out by a SNAP Receptor or SNARE complex, consisting of synaptobrevin, syntaxin-1, and SNAP-25.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

Micropatterning and Assembly of 3D Microvessels
13:05

Micropatterning and Assembly of 3D Microvessels

Published on: September 9, 2016

Complexity of vesicle microcirculation.

B Kaoui1, N Tahiri, T Biben

  • 1Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Postbus 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
|December 21, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Vesicle shape in microcirculation changes with channel size, impacting blood flow. Stiff membranes exhibit unique snakelike movement, revealing complex red blood cell dynamics.

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Development and Characterization of In Vitro Microvessel Network and Quantitative Measurements of Endothelial [Ca2+]i and Nitric Oxide Production

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Last Updated: May 26, 2026

Micropatterning and Assembly of 3D Microvessels
13:05

Micropatterning and Assembly of 3D Microvessels

Published on: September 9, 2016

Lipid Bilayer Vesicle Generation Using Microfluidic Jetting
08:35

Lipid Bilayer Vesicle Generation Using Microfluidic Jetting

Published on: February 21, 2014

Development and Characterization of In Vitro Microvessel Network and Quantitative Measurements of Endothelial [Ca2+]i and Nitric Oxide Production
09:39

Development and Characterization of In Vitro Microvessel Network and Quantitative Measurements of Endothelial [Ca2+]i and Nitric Oxide Production

Published on: May 19, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Fluid Dynamics
  • Computational Biology

Background:

  • Red blood cells (RBCs) are crucial for oxygen transport in microcirculation.
  • RBC shape significantly influences blood flow and oxygen delivery efficiency.
  • Understanding vesicle dynamics provides insights into RBC behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To numerically investigate the 2D dynamics of vesicles in microcirculation.
  • To explore how vesicle morphology and dynamics change with varying channel sizes.
  • To model the behavior of red blood cells (RBCs) in microvasculature.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a boundary integral formulation for numerical simulations.
  • Simulated vesicle behavior in channels ranging from 5-100 μm.
  • Compared results to purely unbounded Poiseuille flow scenarios.

Main Results:

  • Vesicles adopt a slipperlike shape in larger channels (arterioles, ~100 μm).
  • A parachutelike shape forms in smaller channels (venules, ~20 μm) but loses stability.
  • Capillary-sized channels (5-10 μm) induce a pronounced slipperlike morphology.
  • Stiff membranes (e.g., malaria-infected RBCs) exhibit snakelike locomotion.

Conclusions:

  • Vesicle morphology and dynamics are highly dependent on microchannel size.
  • The study reveals complex, size-dependent behaviors not seen in simpler flow models.
  • Findings suggest non-trivial dynamics of red blood cells in the microvasculature.