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Related Concept Videos

Genome Copying Errors02:46

Genome Copying Errors

DNA replication is a well-evolved process that copies millions of base pairs with high fidelity during each cell division. Occasionally a wrong base or a long stretch of wrong bases may get added to the daughter strands. If the errors are left unchecked, cells might accumulate several mutations that might endanger theirĀ  survival. Therefore, the copying errors are checked and repaired at three levels.
Homologous Recombination02:31

Homologous Recombination

The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...
Homologous Recombination02:31

Homologous Recombination

The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...
Overview of DNA Repair02:25

Overview of DNA Repair

In order to be passed through generations, genomic DNA must be undamaged and error-free. However, every day, DNA in a cell undergoes several thousand to a million damaging events by natural causes and external factors. Ionizing radiation such as UV rays, free radicals produced during cellular respiration, and hydrolytic damage from metabolic reactions can alter the structure of DNA. Damages caused include single-base alteration, base dimerization, chain breaks, and cross-linkage.
Chemically...
Overview of DNA Repair02:25

Overview of DNA Repair

In order to be passed through generations, genomic DNA must be undamaged and error-free. However, every day, DNA in a cell undergoes several thousand to a million damaging events by natural causes and external factors. Ionizing radiation such as UV rays, free radicals produced during cellular respiration, and hydrolytic damage from metabolic reactions can alter the structure of DNA. Damages caused include single-base alteration, base dimerization, chain breaks, and cross-linkage.
Chemically...
Translesion DNA Polymerases02:10

Translesion DNA Polymerases

Translesion (TLS) polymerases rescue stalled DNA polymerases at sites of damaged bases by replacing the replicative polymerase and installing a nucleotide across the damaged site. Doing so, TLS allows additional time for the cell to repair the damage before resuming regular DNA replication.
TLS polymerases are found in all three domains of life - archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes. Of the different classes of TLS polymerases, members of the Y family are fitted with specialized structures that...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

Visualizing and Quantifying Endonuclease-Based Site-Specific DNA Damage
10:59

Visualizing and Quantifying Endonuclease-Based Site-Specific DNA Damage

Published on: August 21, 2021

Replication of damaged genomes.

Alden C Klarer1, W McGregor

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.

Critical Reviews in Eukaryotic Gene Expression
|December 21, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Cells possess DNA repair and tolerance mechanisms to counteract damage from environmental and metabolic agents. This review explores error-prone DNA repair pathways, like Y-family polymerases, and their role in cancer prevention.

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Visualizing and Quantifying Endonuclease-Based Site-Specific DNA Damage
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Using Next Generation Sequencing to Identify Mutations Associated with Repair of a CAS9-induced Double Strand Break Near the CD4 Promoter
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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Cellular DNA is constantly damaged by endogenous and exogenous genotoxic agents.
  • DNA damage can lead to mutations or cell death if not repaired.
  • Cells have evolved conserved mechanisms to detect, signal, and repair DNA damage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review error-prone DNA damage tolerance mechanisms.
  • To discuss the role of Y-family DNA polymerases in DNA repair.
  • To explore DNA polymerase switching and its relevance to cancer.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of DNA repair and tolerance mechanisms.
  • Focus on Y-family DNA polymerases and polymerase switching.
  • Analysis of genomic instability and mutagenesis.

Main Results:

  • DNA damage triggers cell cycle arrest and recruits specific repair pathways.
  • Translesion DNA synthesis and recombination mechanisms tolerate replication-blocking damage.
  • Error-prone mechanisms, while suppressing cytotoxicity, can cause mutations.

Conclusions:

  • Y-family DNA polymerases and polymerase switching are critical for completing DNA replication despite damage.
  • These error-prone mechanisms balance cytotoxicity suppression with the risk of mutagenesis.
  • Understanding these pathways is crucial for cancer research and prevention strategies.