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Related Concept Videos

Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines01:30

Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines

Alkylation is one of the methods used to prepare amines. Direct alkylation of ammonia or a primary amine with an alkyl halide gives polyalkylated amines along with a quaternary ammonium salt through successive SN2 reactions. This process of making the quaternary salt through the direct alkylation method is called exhaustive alkylation.
Each alkylation step makes the nitrogen center more nucleophilic, which triggers successive alkylations until a quaternary ammonium salt is formed. Considering...
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Atomization Methods01:25

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Atomization Methods

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) atomizes samples through flame atomization or electrothermal atomization. Flame atomization typically involves a nebulizer and spray chamber assembly to combine the sample with a fuel–oxidant mixture, creating a fine aerosol mist that enters a burner. Typically, the fuel and oxidant are combined in an approximately stoichiometric ratio. However, for atoms that are easily oxidized, a fuel-rich mixture may be more advantageous. Only about 5% of the aerosol...
Mass Spectrometry: Amine Fragmentation00:55

Mass Spectrometry: Amine Fragmentation

Amines can be identified using mass spectroscopy based on their characteristic fragmentation patterns. The molecular ions of amines undergo fragmentation via ⍺-cleavage. The ⍺-cleavage of the carbon-carbon bonds in amines generates an alkyl radical and resonance-stabilized nitrogen-containing cation.
In amines, the number of nitrogen atoms affects the mass of the molecular ion, which is described by the nitrogen rule of mass spectrometry. This rule states that a compound containing a single or...
Development of Analytical Methods01:21

Development of Analytical Methods

An analytical methodology can be divided into four sequential steps: technique, method, procedure, and protocol. A technique is a scientific principle that rationalizes a specific phenomenon through chemical measurements. Adapting a technique for analyzing a sample of interest is termed a method. The procedure outlines the directions for performing the analysis via an analytical method. The protocol is the detailed guidelines on the procedure, which should be strictly followed to obtain the...
Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis01:28

Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis

Direct alkylation is not a suitable method for synthesizing amines because it produces polyalkylated products. Gabriel synthesis is the most preferred method to exclusively make primary amines. The method uses phthalimide, which contains a protected form of nitrogen that participates in alkylation only once to predominantly give primary amines.
Strong bases like NaOH or KOH deprotonate the phthalimide to form the corresponding anion, which acts as a nucleophile. Further, the anion attacks an...
Mass Spectrometry of Amines01:15

Mass Spectrometry of Amines

In mass spectroscopy, amines undergo fragmentation to give parent ions with odd molecule weights. This observed mass spectrum follows the nitrogen rule; a molecule with an odd number of nitrogen atoms produces a molecular ion with an odd molecular weight. Amines undergo fragmentation through α cleavage, producing nitrogen-containing cations—iminium ions—and alkyl radicals. Mass spectra of aromatic and cyclic aliphatic amines exhibit strong molecular ion peaks, but acyclic aliphatic amines show...

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Applying Cheminformatics to Develop a Structure Searchable Database of Analytical Methods
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AMMOS software: method and application.

T Pencheva1, D Lagorce, I Pajeva

  • 1Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|December 21, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Computational chemistry and biology benefit from in silico methods for drug discovery. AMMOS software offers automated generation and optimization of drug-like molecules and protein-ligand complexes for virtual screening.

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Area of Science:

  • Computational chemistry and biology
  • Drug discovery and development

Background:

  • In silico methods, including virtual ligand screening, are increasingly used in computational chemistry and biology.
  • These methods aid in hit identification and lead optimization for drug discovery programs.
  • Current approaches often require extensive preparation of molecular libraries or refinement of screening results.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present the open-source AMMOS software platform.
  • To highlight AMMOS's capabilities in automating molecular structure generation and optimization.
  • To demonstrate its utility in refining protein-ligand complexes for in silico screening.

Main Methods:

  • Development of an open-source software platform named AMMOS.
  • Implementation of automated procedures for structural generation and optimization of drug-like molecules.
  • Integration of tools for structural refinement of protein-ligand complexes.

Main Results:

  • AMMOS provides an automated workflow for creating and optimizing molecular structures.
  • The software facilitates the refinement of protein-ligand complexes, crucial for virtual screening accuracy.
  • It streamlines the preparation of compound libraries for in silico drug discovery.

Conclusions:

  • AMMOS is a valuable open-source tool for computational drug discovery.
  • The platform automates key steps in preparing molecular data for virtual screening.
  • AMMOS assists researchers in accelerating hit identification and lead optimization processes.