Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Spasmolytic Agents: Chemical Classification01:29

Spasmolytic Agents: Chemical Classification

Spasmolytic agents are drugs used to alleviate muscle spasms and spasticity. They can be categorized into different chemical groups based on their mechanisms of action. Centrally acting spasmolytics primarily affect the spinal cord, while others directly target skeletal muscle cells.
A major class of centrally acting spasmolytics is the α2-agonist, such as tizanidine. These drugs bind to α2-adrenoceptors, inhibiting the release of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. They also promote...
Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route01:29

Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route

The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
There are three primary parenteral routes: intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC). The IV route introduces the drug directly into the bloodstream, ensuring immediate action. The IM route...
Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses01:24

Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses

Centrally acting muscle relaxants reduce muscle tone and tension by interfering with the postsynaptic reflexes in the central nervous system.
Centrally acting drugs are classified into spasmolytic and antispasmodic drugs. Spasmolytic drugs such as baclofen, diazepam, and tizanidine inhibit spinal motor neurons and decrease muscle tone. Spasmolytic drugs are administered for severe and chronic spasms due to multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy, stroke, and spinal cord and muscle injuries. However,...
Classification of Skeletal Muscle Relaxants01:28

Classification of Skeletal Muscle Relaxants

Skeletal muscle relaxants are a group of drugs that can reduce muscle stiffness and induce temporary paralysis to relieve pain. These agents can act centrally to reduce muscle tone or spasms in painful conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or spinal injuries; they are called antispasmodics or spasmolytics.
Peripherally acting skeletal muscle relaxants interfere with the neurotransmission at the neuromuscular end plate to induce paralysis during...
Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists01:14

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists

Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...
Peripherally and Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants: A Comparison01:09

Peripherally and Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants: A Comparison

Skeletal muscle relaxants can target the central nervous system [CNS] to reduce muscle tension or act directly at the neuromuscular junction to induce temporary paralysis. These two classes of muscle relaxants are called centrally acting muscle relaxants and peripherally acting muscle relaxants. They differ in their action, mechanism, administration route, and clinical uses.
Centrally acting muscle relaxants can be further divided into spasmolytic and antispasmodic drugs. Spasmolytic drugs,...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The Lamella Ostium Extent Mucosa (LOEM) system: a new classification for endoscopic sinus surgery.

Rhinology·2024
Same author

Baseline Clinical Characteristics and Phenoendotypes of Patients With Severe Asthma in Alergodata: The Spanish Allergy Society Registry.

Journal of investigational allergology & clinical immunology·2024
Same author

ALERGODATA: Sentinel Registry of Health Outcomes in Allergic Patients Treated With Biological Therapies at Specialized Allergology Clinics in Spain.

Journal of investigational allergology & clinical immunology·2023
Same author

Spanish Consensus on the Management of Chronic Rhinosinusitis With Nasal Polyps (POLIposis NAsal/POLINA 2.0).

Journal of investigational allergology & clinical immunology·2023
Same author

Transcriptional analysis of nasal polyps fibroblasts reveals a new source of pro-inflammatory signaling in CRSwNP.

Rhinology·2023
Same author

Severity and duration of allergic conjunctivitis: are they associated with severity and duration of allergic rhinitis and asthma?

European annals of allergy and clinical immunology·2021

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

System for Focal, Closed-System Central Nervous System Injury
04:02

System for Focal, Closed-System Central Nervous System Injury

Published on: November 29, 2024

Bilastine and the central nervous system.

J Montoro1, J Mullol, I Dávila

  • 1Allergy Section, Elda General Hospital, Alicante, Spain. montoro_fra@gva.es

Journal of Investigational Allergology & Clinical Immunology
|December 22, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bilastine, a new antihistamine, effectively treats allergies without causing central nervous system (CNS) side effects like drowsiness. Its safety profile is promising for patients needing allergy relief.

More Related Videos

Cell Subtype-specific Analysis of Neuronal Membrane Proteasome in Somatosensory Neurons
09:27

Cell Subtype-specific Analysis of Neuronal Membrane Proteasome in Somatosensory Neurons

Published on: October 10, 2025

Non-restraining EEG Radiotelemetry: Epidural and Deep Intracerebral Stereotaxic EEG Electrode Placement
06:58

Non-restraining EEG Radiotelemetry: Epidural and Deep Intracerebral Stereotaxic EEG Electrode Placement

Published on: June 25, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 26, 2026

System for Focal, Closed-System Central Nervous System Injury
04:02

System for Focal, Closed-System Central Nervous System Injury

Published on: November 29, 2024

Cell Subtype-specific Analysis of Neuronal Membrane Proteasome in Somatosensory Neurons
09:27

Cell Subtype-specific Analysis of Neuronal Membrane Proteasome in Somatosensory Neurons

Published on: October 10, 2025

Non-restraining EEG Radiotelemetry: Epidural and Deep Intracerebral Stereotaxic EEG Electrode Placement
06:58

Non-restraining EEG Radiotelemetry: Epidural and Deep Intracerebral Stereotaxic EEG Electrode Placement

Published on: June 25, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Neuroscience
  • Allergology

Background:

  • Antihistamines are classified by generation based on properties affecting the central nervous system (CNS).
  • Central H1 receptor binding and blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration determine CNS adverse effects.
  • First-generation antihistamines readily cross the BBB, while second-generation drugs have varying affinities for P-glycoprotein (P-gp).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the central nervous system (CNS) safety profile of the new H1 antihistamine, bilastine.
  • To determine if bilastine affects psychomotor function or causes drowsiness.
  • To assess potential interactions of bilastine with other CNS-active substances.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized imaging studies, objective psychomotor tests, and subjective drowsiness assessments.
  • Investigated bilastine's interaction with benzodiazepines and alcohol.
  • Compared bilastine's properties to known first and second-generation antihistamines regarding P-gp affinity and BBB penetration.

Main Results:

  • Bilastine demonstrated no discernible action on the central nervous system (CNS).
  • Imaging and psychomotor tests confirmed the absence of CNS effects.
  • Bilastine showed no adverse interactions with alcohol or benzodiazepines.

Conclusions:

  • Bilastine is a safe H1 antihistamine with a favorable CNS safety profile.
  • Its non-sedating properties make it a clinically promising option for allergic conditions.
  • Bilastine's lack of CNS penetration and interaction offers a good safety margin.