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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Graphene-Based Polyhedrons via Origami-Like Self-Folding
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Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Graphene-Based Polyhedrons via Origami-Like Self-Folding

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Crumpled nanopaper from graphene oxide.

Xiaofei Ma1, Michael R Zachariah, Christopher D Zangmeister

  • 1Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA.

Nano Letters
|December 22, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Crumpled graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets form fractal structures with dimensions similar to everyday objects. Capillary forces during rapid drying drive this crumpling, which is tunable via solvent choice.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Graphene oxide (GO) is a versatile material with unique properties.
  • Understanding the self-assembly and structural characteristics of nanomaterials is crucial for their application.
  • The fractal dimension (D) quantifies the complexity of irregular shapes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the fractal dimension of crumpled graphene oxide nanosheets produced via aerosolization.
  • To explore the factors influencing the crumpling process and structural properties of GO.
  • To determine the driving forces behind the formation of crumpled GO structures.

Main Methods:

  • Aerosolization of graphene oxide in aqueous solution followed by rapid drying.
  • Online size selection and aerosol mass analysis for structural characterization.

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  • Thermal reduction to assess structural stability.
  • Modification of solvent conditions to study tuning effects.

    • Main Results:

    • Crumpled GO nanosheets exhibited a fractal dimension (D) of 2.54 ± 0.04, comparable to macroscale crumpled materials.
    • Thermal reduction did not significantly alter D, even with substantial mass loss.
    • Altering solvent conditions, such as using a 10% acetone mixture, increased D to 2.68 ± 0.02.
    • Capillary forces arising from rapid solvent evaporation were identified as the primary driver of GO nanosheet crumpling.

    Conclusions:

    • The fractal dimension of crumpled GO nanosheets is remarkably consistent with macroscopic crumpled objects.
    • The crumpling process is robust against thermal treatment and can be tuned by solvent composition.
    • Capillary forces are the dominant mechanism governing the formation of these complex nanostructures.